Different outcomes of methadone maintenance therapy in rehabilitated and relapsed drug addicts: significance of liver and renal biomarkers

References

• Abbasi, N., et al., 2017. Investigating the methadone effects of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes of serum of male Wistar rats. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (12), 4243–4247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeva-Andany, M., et al., 2014. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion, 17, 76–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghabiklooei, A., et al., 2014. Prognostic factors in acute methadone toxicity: a 5-year study. Journal of Toxicology, 6, 341826.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaraz, S., et al., 2018. Heroin-dependent patient satisfaction with methadone as a medication influences satisfaction with basic interventions delivered by staff to implement methadone maintenance treatment. Patient Preference and Adherence, 12, 1203–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessio, L., et al., 1985. Reliability of urinary creatinine as a parameter used to adjust values of urinary biological indicators. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 55 (2), 99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amraei, M., et al., 2018. Histopathological study of liver tissue due to methadone consumption and its effect on liver enzymes and inflammatory indices in rat. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 12, 3785–3795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa Neto, J.O., Garcia, M.A., and Garcia, J.B.S., 2015. Revisiting methadone: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical indication. Revista Dor, 16 (1), 60–66.
   Google Scholar
• Bolz, J., et al., 2015. Multiple cerebral infarctions in a young patient with heroin-induced hypereosinophilic syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 356 (1–2), 193–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, Y.Y., et al., 2015. Inflammatory response in heroin addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Psychiatry Research, 226 (1), 230–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicero, T.J., Ellis, M.S., and Kasper, Z.A., 2017. Increased use of heroin as an initiating opioid of abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 63–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicero, T.J., et al., 2014. The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA Psychiatry, 71 (7), 821–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R.M., et al., 2002. M-LDH serves as a sarcolemmal KATP channel subunit essential for cell protection againstischemia. The EMBO Journal, 21 (15), 3936–3948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, M., 2004. Opioids in renal failure and dialysis patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 28 (5), 497–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnimr, T., Hashem, A., and Assar, R., 1996. Heroin dependence effects on some major and trace elements. Biological Trace Element Research, 54 (2), 153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslami-Shahrbabaki, M., et al., 2012. Effects of methadone on liver enzymes in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Addiction and Health, 4 (3–4), 111–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Drug Report. 2014. Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Farooqi, S., et al., 2016. Effect of heroin use on liver enzymes. Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology, 5 (1), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gabbe, S., et al., 2007. Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, J.G., Rhodes, R.J., and Gal, J., 2004. Stereoselective metabolism of methadone N-demethylation by cytochrome P4502B6 and 2C19. Chirality, 16 (1), 36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, E., and Boesze-Battaglia, K., 2007. The role of alkaline phosphatase in mineralization. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics, 18 (5), 444–448.
   Google Scholar
• Gramenz, P., Roberts, D., and Schrag, L., 2010. Intra-arterial self-injection of methadone tablets into the femoral artery. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 39 (3), 125–127.
   Google Scholar
• Guzel, D., et al., 2018. Evaluation of immunomodulatory and hematologic cell outcome in heroin/opioid addicts. Journal of Addiction, 2018, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hawks, R. L., 1983. Developments in cannabinoid analyses of body fluids: implications for forensic applications. In: S. Agurell, W. Dewey, R. Willette, eds. The cannabinoids: chemical, pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects. Rockville, MD: Academic Press, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hojs, R., and Sinkovic, A., 1992. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following methadone abuse. Nephron, 62 (3), 362–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huestis, M.A., and Cone, E.J., 1998. Differentiating new marijuana use from residual drugexcretion in occasional marijuana users. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22 (6), 445–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic, S., Jovanovic, A., and Crawford, R.M., 2007. M-LDH serves as a regulatory subunit of the cytosolic substrate-channelling complex in vivo. Journal of Molecular Biology, 371 (2), 349–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T.W., et al., 2006. Low bone density in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85 (3), 258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek, M.J., 1973. Medical safety and side effects of methadone in tolerant individuals. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 223 (6), 665–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek, M.J., et al., 1980. Methadone use in patients with chronic renal disease. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5 (3), 197–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankenau, S.E., et al., 2012. Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23 (1), 37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehić-Basara, N., Hasečić, H., Pokrajac, M., and Selman, S., 2014. A guide to methadone use in opiate addicts. Sarajevo: Institute for Alcoholism and Other Toxicomania of Sarajevo Canton, Ministry of Health of Sarajevo Canton, 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M.I., et al., 1982. Effect of urinary pH on the disposition of methadone in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 22 (4), 337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogromov, A.P., Mishnaevskiĭ, A.L., and Mustain, K.H., 2002. Viral liver damage in heroin abusers. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, 1, 61–63.
   Google Scholar
• Psychoactive Substances Act. 2016. CHAPTER 2: An Act to make provision about psychoactive substances; and for connected purposes. London, UK: EU Legislation and UK Public General Acts.
   Google Scholar
• Saxon, A.J., et al., 2013. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction: methadone and buprenorphine. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 21 (4), 69–72.
   Google Scholar
• Soyka, M., and Müller, C.A., 2017. Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism – an update on approved or available medications. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 18 (12), 1187–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suljevic, D., Mehinovic, L., and Alijagic, A., 2016. Hepatitis and biochemical markers in correlation with alpha-fetoprotein as a diagnostic indicator for the HBV and HCV differentiation. Albanian Medical Journal, 3, 13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, L.E., et al., 2005. Decreasing international HIV transmission: the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction, 100 (2), 150–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, M.J., and el-Farra, M.S., 1996. Clinical sequelae of hepatitis C acquired from injection drug use. The Western Journal of Medicine, 164 (5), 399–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhl, G.R., and Grow, R.W., 2004. The burden of complex genetics in brain disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61 (3), 223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale, A., 2007. Rhabdomyolysis. Medicine, 35 (10), 554–555.
   Google Scholar
• Valga-Amado, F., et al., 2012. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure secondary to taking methadone. Nefrologia: Publicacion Oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia, 32 (2), 262–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varenbut, M., et al., 2010. Does low urine creatinine level indicate the presence of urine alcohol in methadone maintenance treatment patients? The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36 (4), 199–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G.O., Miller, F.M., and Worwood, M., 1973. Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 26 (10), 770–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J., Hall, W., and Mattick, R.P., 1999. Role of maintenance treatment in opioid dependence. The Lancet, 353 (9148), 221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, C., and Valadeaz-Meltzer, A., 2005. Buprenorphine: a (relatively) new treatment for opioid dependence. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 2 (12), 29–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar