D-ribose-L-cysteine exhibits neuroprotective activity through inhibition of oxido-behavioral dysfunctions and modulated activities of neurotransmitters in the cerebellum of Juvenile mice exposed to ethanol

References

• Aoyama, K., and Nakaki, T., 2013. Impaired glutathione synthesis in neurodegeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14 (10), 21021–21044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asanuma, H., 1975. Recent developments in the study of the columnar arrangement of neurons within the motor cortex. Physiological Reviews, 55 (2), 143–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin, S., et al., 2002. N-acetylcysteine reduced the effect of ethanol on antioxidant system in rat plasma and brain tissue. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 198 (2), 71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasr, M., et al., 2004. Serotonin-induced increases in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis are mediated through different and common 5-HT receptor subtypes in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29 (3), 450–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmer, A., et al., 2018. 5-HT1A receptor-dependent modulation of emotional and neurogenic deficits elicited by prolonged consumption of alcohol. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 2099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biala, G., et al., 2018. Behavioral and biochemical impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress on the acquisition of nicotine conditioned place preference in rats. Molecular Neurobiology, 55 (4), 3270–3289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørneboe, G.A., et al., 1987. Effect of heavy alcohol consumption on serum concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and selenium. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 1, 533–537.
   Google Scholar
• Bjørneboe, G.E., et al., 1988. Some aspects of antioxidant status in blood from alcoholics. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 12 (6), 806–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosse, K.E., et al., 2012. Aberrant striatal dopamine transmitter dynamics in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, 120 (3), 385–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, A., et al., 2002. Effects of alcohol and oxidative stress on liver pathology: the role of the mitochondrion. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 26 (6), 907–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmiel-Haggai, M., Cederbaum, A.I., and Nieto, N., 2003. Binge ethanol exposure increases liver injury in obese rats. Gastroenterology, 125 (6), 1818–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederbaum, A.I., 2012. Alcohol metabolism. Clinics in Liver Disease, 16 (4), 667–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews, F.T., and Nixon, K., 2009. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44 (2), 115–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva, F., et al., 2018. Heavy chronic ethanol exposure from adolescence to adulthood induces cerebellar neuronal loss and motor function damage in female rats. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., 2003. The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 28 (4), 263–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte, P., 2004. Imbalance between neuroexcitatory and neuroinhibitory amino acids causes craving for ethanol. Addictive Behaviors, 29 (7), 1325–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Chiara, G., and Imperato, A., 1988. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85 (14), 5274–5278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emokpae, O., et al., 2020a. D-Ribose-L-cysteine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficits through inhibition of oxidative stress, release of proinflammatory cytokines, and nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 393 (5), 909–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emokpae, O., et al., 2020b. D-ribose-L-cysteine enhances memory task, attenuates oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase activity in scopolamine amnesic mice. Drug Development Research, 81 (5), 620–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evarts, E.V., et al., 1983. Motor cortex control of finely graded forces. Journal of Neurophysiology, 49 (5), 1199–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falana, B., et al., 2017. Effect of D-ribose-L-cysteine on aluminum induced testicular damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats. JBRA Assisted Reproduction, 21 (2), 94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, R., and Ren, J., 2010. Alcohol dehydrogenase accentuates ethanol-induced myocardial dysfunction and mitochondrial damage in mice: role of mitochondrial death pathway. PLoS One, 5 (1), e8757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel, H., et al., 2018. The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 141 (7), 1917–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haorah, J., et al., 2008. Mechanism of alcohol-induced oxidative stress and neuronal injury. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 45 (11), 1542–1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, C., 2009. The neuropathology of alcohol-related brain damage. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44 (2), 136–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfer, J.L., et al., 2009. Binge-like postnatal alcohol exposure triggers cortical gliogenesis in adolescent rats. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 514 (3), 259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, J.A., López-Sánchez, R.C., and Rendón-Ramírez, A., 2016. Lipids and oxidative stress associated with ethanol-induced neurological damage. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1543809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain, K., et al., 2005. Dose response of alcohol-induced changes in BP, nitric oxide and antioxidants in rat plasma. Pharmacological Research, 51 (4), 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhaveri, D.J., et al., 2010. Norepinephrine directly activates adult hippocampal precursors via beta3-adrenergic receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (7), 2795–2806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, M., and Metzger, D., 2010. Alcohol withdrawal and brain injuries: beyond classical mechanisms. Molecules, 15 (7), 4984–5011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kader, T., et al., 2014. Ribose-cysteine increases glutathione-based antioxidant status and reduces LDL in human lipoprotein(a) mice. Atherosclerosis, 237 (2), 725–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, E.R., et al., 2013., Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional.
   Google Scholar
• Kavetsky, L., et al., 2019. Increased interactions and engulfment of dendrites by microglia precede Purkinje cell degeneration in a mouse model of Niemann Pick Type-C. Scientific Report 9, 14722.
   Google Scholar
• Koob, G.F., and Volkow, N.D., 2016. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3 (8), 760–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacaille, H., et al., 2015. Comparison of the deleterious effects of binge drinking-like alcohol exposure in adolescent and adult mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, 132 (6), 629–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., et al., 2019. Dysfunction in serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and somatic symptoms in psychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Caneda, E., et al., 2013. Effects of a persistent binge drinking pattern of alcohol consumption in young people: a follow-up study using event-related potentials. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48 (4), 464–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, I.P., Robins, E., and Eyerman, G.S., 1958. The fluorometric measurement of glutamic decarboxylase and its distribution in brain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 3 (1), 8–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, A.M., et al., 2000. Ribose cysteine protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Toxicologic Pathology, 28 (5), 697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melendez, R.I., et al., 2003. Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine in the ventral pallidum but not in the globus pallidus: a dual-probe microdialysis study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28 (5), 939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneses, A., and Liy-Salmeron, G., 2012. Serotonin and emotion, learning and memory. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 23 (5–6), 543–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, G.A., and Whishaw, I.Q., 2009. The ladder rung walking task: a scoring system and its practical application. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2009 (28), 1204.
   Google Scholar
• Mori, M., et al., 2014. Chronic treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist tandospirone increases hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurology and Therapy, 3 (1), 67–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morikawa, H., and Morrisett, R.A., 2010. Ethanol action on dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area: interaction with intrinsic ion channels and neurotransmitter inputs. International Review of Neurobiology, 91, 235–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Most, D., Ferguson, L., and Harris, R.A., 2014. Molecular basis of alcoholism. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 125, 89–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., et al., 2008. Consequences of alcohol consumption on neurotransmitters -an overview. Current Neurovascular Research, 5 (4), 266–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nautiyal, K.M., et al., 2016. A lack of serotonin 1B autoreceptors results in decreased anxiety and depression-related behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41 (12), 2941–2950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N'guessan, B.B., et al., 2018. In vitro antioxidant potential and effect of a glutathione-enhancer dietary supplement on selected rat liver cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 7462839–7462838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogales, F., et al., 2014. Oral or intraperitoneal binge drinking and oxidative balance in adolescent rats. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 27 (11), 1926–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunlade, B., et al., 2019. D-Ribose-L-Cysteine prevents intervertebral disc degeneration in annular puncture-induced rabbit model. European Journal of Anatomy, 23 (2), 103–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., and Yagi, K., 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95 (2), 351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, G.B., et al., 2014. Minocycline mitigates motor impairments and cortical neuronal loss induced by focal ischemia in rats chronically exposed to ethanol during adolescence. Brain Research, 1561, 23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osinubi, A.A.A., et al., 2018. A comparison of the anti-diabetic potential of d-ribose-l-cysteine with insulin, and oral hypoglycaemic agents on pregnant rats. Toxicology Reports, 5, 832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrowska, J., et al., 2004. Green tea protects against ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rat organs. Alcohol, 32 (1), 25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia, D.E., and Valentine, W.N., 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte gluthatione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70, 1158–1169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual, M., et al., 2014. Neuroimmune activation and myelin changes in adolescent rats exposed to high-dose alcohol and associated cognitive dysfunction: a review with reference to human adolescent drinking. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49 (2), 187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patkar, O.L., et al., 2019. Pindolol rescues anxiety-like behavior and neurogenic maladaptations of long-term binge alcohol intake in mice. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patricia, M., Karin, S., and Isis, H., 2017. Toxic and immunotoxic evaluation of ketamine and/or ethanol in rats during 28 days. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9 (205), e20582.
   Google Scholar
• Pushpakiran, G., Mahalakshmi, K., and Anuradha, C.V., 2004. Taurine restores ethanol-induced depletion of antioxidants and attenuates oxidative stress in rat tissues. Amino Acids, 27 (1), 291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramezani, A., et al., 2012. Role of oxidative stress in ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 15 (4), 965–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, S.K., et al., 1999. Dose response of ethanol ingestion on antioxidant defense system in rat brain subcellular fractions. Neurotoxicology, 20 (6), 977–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto, M., et al., 2003. Ethanol increases GABAergic transmission at both pre- and postsynaptic sites in rat central amygdala neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100 (4), 2053–2058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J.C., et al., 1992. Protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by ribose-cysteine (RibCys). Pharmacology & Toxicology, 70 (4), 281–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, R.C., and Francetic, D.J., 1991. Time course for the elevation of glutathione in numerous organs of L1210-bearing CDF1 mice given the L-cysteine prodrug, RibCys. Toxicology Letters, 59 (1-3), 245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, S., and Peselow, E., 2009. The neurobiology of addictive disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 32 (5), 269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanes, J.N., and Donoghue, J.P., 2000. Plasticity and primary motor cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 393–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarelli, L., et al., 2003. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science, 301 (5634), 805–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan, R., Prasad, N.R., and Pugalendi, V., 2003. Effect of piper betle leaf extract on alcoholic toxicity in the rat brain. Journal of Medicinal Food, 6 (3), 261–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sari, Y., Johnson, V.R., and Weedman, J.M., 2011. Role of the serotonergic system in alcohol dependence: from animal models to clinics. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 98, 401–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, D.O., and Rivier, C., 2003. Interaction between alcohol and nitric oxide on ACTH release in the rat. Alcoholism, 27 (6), 989–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberman, Y., Ariwodola, O.J., and Weiner, J.L., 2012. β1-adrenoceptor activation is required for ethanol enhancement of lateral paracapsular GABAergic synapses in the rat basolateral amygdala. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 343 (2), 451–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A.M., et al., 2005. Neonatal alcohol exposure increases malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the developing cerebellum. Brain Research, 160 (2), 231–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soardo, G., et al., 2005. Alcohol-induced endothelial changes are associated with oxidative stress and are rapidly reversed after withdrawal. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29 (10), 1889–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigger, F., et al., 2013. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress in developing rat brain and its consequences on motor behavior following maternal administration of LPS and perinatal anoxia. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 31 (8), 820–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sytinsky, I.A., et al., 1975. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in brain during acute and chronic ethanol intoxication. Journal of Neurochemistry, 25 (1), 43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamilselvan, T., et al., 2017. Behavioral and neurochemical evaluation of ethanol on olanzapine treated methylphenidate induced manic like behaviors in swiss albino mice. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6 (1), 48–56.
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira, F.B., et al., 2014. Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence in rats induces motor impairments and cerebral cortex damage associated with oxidative stress. PLoS One, 9 (6), e101074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman, R.G., et al., 1999. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity: study in rats. Front Biosci, 4, e42–e46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiwari, V., et al., 2014. Differential effects of ethanol on regional glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter pathways in mouse brain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 128 (5), 628–640. Erratum: Toxicology Rports, 5, 832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, C.F., 1997. Alcohol and neurotransmitter interactions. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21 (2), 144–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, X., Zhang, H., and Lai, J., 2014. Alcohol dependence mediated by monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Yi chuan = Hereditas, 36 (1), 11–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, C., and Olney, J.W., 2006. Neuroapoptosis in the infant mouse brain triggered by a transient small increase in blood alcohol concentration. Neurobiology of Disease, 22 (3), 548–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariah, R., et al., 2020. Effect of n-butanol extract of Cannabis sativa L. extract on the cerebral cortex of adult Wistar rats. African Journal of Cellular Pathology, 12 (2), 6–15.
   Google Scholar
• Zakhari, S., 2006. Overview: How is alcohol metabolized by the body? Alcohol Res. Health, 29, 245–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar