Poverty Among Korean Immigrant Older Adults: Examining the Effects of Social Exclusion

REFERENCES

• Angel, R.J., Angel, J.L., Lee, G.Y., & Markides, K.S. (1999). Age at migration and family dependency among older Mexican immigrants: Recent evidence from the Mexican American EPESE. The Gerontologist, 39, 59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, B. (2002). Social exclusion, social isolation, and the distribution of income. In J. Hills, J. Le Grand, & D. Piachaud (Eds.), Understanding social exclusion (pp. 13–29). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barusch, A.S. (1994). Older women in poverty: Private lives and public policies. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. (1993). Human capital. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berghman, J. (1995). Social exclusion in Europe: Policy context and analytical framework. In G. Room (Ed.), Beyond the threshold: The measurement and analysis of social exclusion (pp. 10–28). Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beverly, S., Sherraden, M., Cramer, R., Shanks, T.R., Nam, Y., & Zhan, M. (2008). Determinants of asset holdings. In S.M. McKernan & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Asset building and low-income households (pp. 89–151). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, D. (2004). Reconsidering the divergence between elderly, child and overall poverty. Research on Aging, 26, 487–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchardt, T., Le Grand, J., & Piachaud, D. (2002). Degrees of exclusion: Developing a dynamic, multidimensional measure. In J. Hills, G. Le Grand, & D. Piachaud (Eds.), Understanding social exclusion (pp. 30–61). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2007). Civilian labor force by sex, age, race, and ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/emp/emplab06.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Burr, J.A., Gerst, K., Kwan, N., & Mutchler, J.E. (2008). Economic well-being and welfare program participation among older immigrants in the United States. Generations, 32, 53–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carasso, A., & McKernan, S.M. (2008). Asset holdings and liabilities. In S.M. McKernan & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Asset building and low-income families (pp. 33–66). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, N.G. (1997). Racial differences in retirement income. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 9, 21–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cramer, R., Sherraden, M., & McKernan, S.M. (2008). Policy implications. In S.M. McKernan & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Asset building and low-income families (pp. 221–237). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Jong, G.F., & Madamba, A.B. (2002). A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 82, 117–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Democratic Dialogue. (1995). Social exclusion, social inclusion. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Regency Press.
   Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, G.V., & Gruber, J. (2006). Social security and the evolution of elderly poverty. In A. Auerbach, D. Card, & J. Quigley (Eds.), Public policy and the income distribution. (259–287). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (1992). Towards a Europe of solidarity. Intensifying the fight against social exclusion, fostering integration. Retrieved from http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/4819
   Google Scholar
• Frisbie, W.P., Cho, Y., & Hummer, R.A. (2001). Immigration and the health of Asian and Pacific Islander adults in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153, 372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, D., Adelman, L., Ashworth, K., Bradshaw, J., Levitas, R., Middleton, R., ..… Williams, J. (2000). Poverty and social exclusion in Britain. York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, L. (2007). Color lines, country lines: Race, immigration and wealth stratification in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, L., & Kawano, Y. (2001). Immigrants’ welfare use and opportunity for contact with co-ethnics. Demography, 38, 375–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, M.A., & Hazelrigg, L.E. (1995). Gender, race/ethnicity, and poverty in later life. Journal of Aging Studies, 9, 43–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinterlong, J., Morrow-Howell, N., & Sherraden, M. (2001). Productive aging: Principles and perspectives. In N. Morrow-Howell, J. Hinterlong, & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Productive aging: Concepts and challenges (pp. 3–18). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, P.Y. P. (2013). Toward a process evaluation of client-centered benchmark for self-sufficiency: Evaluating the ‘process’ of becoming job ready. Journal of Community Practice, 21 , 356–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu, W. (1998). Elderly immigrants on welfare. The Journal of Human Resources, 22, 711–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungerford, T. (2007). The persistence of hardship over the life course. Research on Aging, 29, 491–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungerford, T., Rassette, M., Iams, H., & Koenig, M. (2001). Trends in the economic status of the elderly, 1976–2000. Social Security Bulletin, 64, 12–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurh, W.M., & Kim, K.C. (1990). Correlates of Korean immigrants’ mental health. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 703–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Y., Kim, G., & Chiriboga, D.A. (2006). Correlates of sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants: Financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63, 173–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, L. (1991). Secondary earner strategies and family poverty: Immigrant–native differentials, 1960–1980. International Migration Review, 25, 113–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B.W., Im, H., & An, J. (2007). Planning for the golden years: Research study of Korean Americans on asset building & retirement planning activities. Oakland, CA: Insight Center for Community Economic Development.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, C.K., Hong, P.Y. P., Treering, D.J., & Sim, K. (2012). The changing map of characteristics and service needs among Korean American immigrants in Chicago: A GIS-based exploratory study. Journal of Poverty, 16, 48–71.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H.L., Moon, A., & Knight, B.G. (2005). Depression among elderly Korean immigrants: Exploring socio-cultural factors. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 13(4), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K.H., & Yoon, D.P. (2011). Factors influencing the general well-being of low-income Korean immigrant elders. Social Work, 56, 269–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.M. (1994). Poverty and the U.S. Asian population. Social Science Quarterly, 75, 541–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.M. (2007). The immigration experience among elderly Korean immigrants. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 14, 403–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenoir, R. (1974). Les Exclus [The excluded]. Paris, France: Seuil.
   Google Scholar
• Marlier, E., & Atkinson, A.B. (2010). Indicators of poverty and social exclusion in a global context. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29, 285–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. (1993). The future of social security in Europe in the context of economic and monetary union: Report to the European Commission. Brussels, Belgium: Observatories Social European.
   Google Scholar
• Muffels, R. (1993). Welfare economic effects of social security: Essays on poverty, social security and labour market: Evidence from panel data. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, E., Wu, K.B., & Baer, D. (2010). Older Americans in poverty: A snapshot. Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/work/retirement-planning/info-04-2010/2010-03-poverty-new.html
   Google Scholar
• Painter, M., II. (2013). Immigrant and native financial well-being: The roles of place of education and race/ethnicity. Social Science Research, 42, 1375–1389. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phua, V., McNally, J., & Park, K. (2007). Poverty among elderly Asian Americans in the twenty-first century. Journal of Poverty, 11, 73–92.
   Google Scholar
• Rank, M.R. (2008). Asset building across the life course. In S.M. McKernan & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Asset building and low-income families (pp. 67–88). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rank, M.R., & Hirschl, T.A. (1999). Estimating the proportion of Americans ever experiencing poverty during their elderly years. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 184–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp, K., Strand, A., & Davies, P.S. (2003). Poverty among elderly women: Assessing SSI options to strengthen social security reform. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 359–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. (2005). Social exclusion of older people in deprived urban communities of England. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 76–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin, H. (2008). A new insight into urban poverty: The culture of capability poverty amongst Korean immigrant women in Los Angeles. Urban Studies, 45, 871–896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J.P. (1995). Racial and ethnic differences in wealth in the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Human Resources, 30, 158–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M., Makwarimba, E., Reutter, L., Veenstra, G., Raphael, D., & Love, R. (2009). Poverty, sense of belonging and experiences of social isolation. Journal of Poverty, 13, 173–195.
   Google Scholar
• Sung, K. (1990). A new look at filial piety: Ideals and practices of family-centered parent care in Korea. Gerontologist, 30, 610–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). A compass for understanding and using American Community Survey data: What general data users need to know. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). Statistical abstract of the United States. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0714.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi, C. (2010). Effects of immigration and age on health of older people in the United States. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29, 697–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, M.C., & Eschbach, K. (1995). Immigration and ethnic and racial inequality in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 419–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willson, A.E., & Hardy, M.A. (2002). Racial disparities in income security for a cohort of aging American women. Social Forces, 80, 1283–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorn, D., & Noga, J. (2004). Family poverty and its implications for school success: Issues facing Cincinnati's families. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati Evaluation Services Center.
   Google Scholar