Gender Differences in the Roles of Religious Support and Social Network Support in Reducing Depressive Symptoms Among Older Korean Americans

REFERENCES

• Ball, M. M., Whittington, F. J., Perkins, M. M., Patterson, V. L., Hollingsworth, C., King, S. V., & Combs, B. L. (2000). Quality of life in assisted living facilities: Viewpoints of residents. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 19, 304–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, L. F. (1984). Assessing the physical health effects of social networks and social support. Annual Review of Public Health, 5, 413–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer, D., Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., & Swartz, M. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 979–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer, D., Landerman, L., Hays, J., Simonsick, E., & Saunders, W. (1998). Symptoms of depression among community-dwelling elderly African American and White older adults. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1311–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for an Urban Future. (2013). The new face of New York's seniors. Retrieved from http://nycfuture.org/research/publications/the-new-face-of-new-yorks-seniors
   Google Scholar
• Choi, G. (1997). Acculturative stress, social support, and depression in Korean American families. Journal of Family Social Work, 2, 81–97.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dein, S., Cook, C. C. H., & Koenig, H. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and mental health: Current controversies and future directions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200, 852–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2009). Religious involvement and risk of major depression in a prospective nationwide study of African American adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 568–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, C. G., Hummer, R. A., Burdette, A. M., & Benjamins, M. R. (2010). Race, religious involvement, and health: The case of African Americans. In C. G. Ellison & R. A. Hummer (Eds.), Religion, families, and health: Population-based research in the United States (pp. 321–348). New Brunswick, NJ: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, C. G., & Levin, J. S. (1998). The religion–health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Education & Behavior, 25, 700–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. Kalamazoo, MI: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Finch, B. K., & Vega, W. A. (2003). Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. Journal of Immigrant Health, 5, 109–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H. R., Kim, M. Y., Lee, H. C., Pistulka, G., & Kim, B. (2007). Correlates of depression in the Korean American elderly: Focusing on personal resources of social support. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, 22, 115–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, C. L., Wang, M. Q., Clark, E. M., Williams, B. R., & Schulz, E. (2013). Religious involvement and physical and emotional functioning among African Americans: The mediating role of religious support. Psychology & Health, 28, 267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, M., Casado, B. L., & Harrington, D. (2011). Validation of Korean versions of the Lubben Social Network Scales in Korean Americans. Clinical Gerontologists, 34, 319–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurh, W. M., & Kim, K. C. (1984). Adhesive sociocultural adaptation of Korean immigrants in the U.S.: An alternative strategy of minority adaptation. International Migration Review, 18, 188–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Y., Kim, G., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older Korean American immigrants. Social Work in Public Health, 26, 96–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Y., Shin, J., Cho, S., Kim, G., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). The interactive role of chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance in predicting depressive symptoms among Korean American older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (1987). Sex and age differences in depression: A quantitative synthesis of published research. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S. Y., Basham, R., & Kim, Y. J. (2013). Contributing factors of depressive symptoms among older Korean immigrants in Texas. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 56, 67–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanu, M., Baker, E., & Brownson, R. C. (2008). Exploring associations between church-based social support and physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5, 504–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauh, T. O. (1999). Changing status and roles of older Korean immigrants in the United States. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49, 213–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. J., & Harris, L. M. (2013). Social capital and self-rated health among older Korean immigrants. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 32, 997–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. J., Sangalang, C. C., & Kihl, T. (2012). Effects of acculturation and social network support on depression among elderly Korean immigrants. Aging and Mental Health, 16, 787–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, G., Jang, Y., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2012). Personal views about aging among Korean American older adults: The role of physical health, social network, and acculturation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27, 139–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, N. (1995). Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50, P236–P246.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, N. (1997). Religion, aging, and health: Current status and future prospects. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S291–S293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, N. (1999). Assessing change in social support during late life. Research on Aging, 21, 539–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, N. (2002). Church-based social support and health in old age: Exploring variations by race. Journal of Gerontology, 57B, S332–S347.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, N., Ellison, C., Shaw, B. A., Marcum, J. P., & Boardman, J. D. (2001). Church-based social support and religious coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 637–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2013). Church-based social support and a sense of belonging in a congregation among older Mexican-Americans. Review of Religious Research, 55, 251–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 163–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, B. C. H., Chong, V., & Joseph, J. (2008). Depression and its psychosocial correlates among older Asian immigrants in North America: A critical review of two decades' research. Journal of Aging and Health, 20, 615–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268–1282.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E. O. (2007). Religion and spirituality as predictors of well-being among Chinese American and Korean American older adults. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 19 (3), 77–100.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M. S., Crittenden, K. S., & Yu, E. (1996). Social support and depression among elderly Korean immigrants in the United States. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 42, 313–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S., & Hadeed, L. (2009). Intimate partner violence among Asian immigrant communities: Health/mental health consequences, help-seeking behaviors, and service utilization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10, 143–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S., Kaplan, C., & Perez-Stable, E. (2014). Elder mistreatment among Chinese and Korean immigrants: The roles of sociocultural contexts on perceptions and help-seeking behaviors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 23, 20–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S., Moon, A., & Gomez, C. (2014). Elder mistreatment, culture, and help-seeking: A cross-cultural comparison of older Chinese and Korean immigrants. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 26, 244–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Liang, J., Toler, A., & Gu, S. (2005). Widowhood and depressive symptoms among older Chinese: Do gender and source of support make a difference? Social Science & Medicine, 60, 637–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubben, J. E. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family Community Health, 11, 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Lubben, J., & Becerra, R. (1987). Social support among Black, Mexican, and Chinese elderly. In D. Gelfand & C. Barresi (Eds.), Ethnic dimensions of aging (pp. 130–144). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lubben, J. E., Gironda, M. W., & Lee, A. (2001). Refinements to the Lubben Social Network Scale: The LSNS-R. The Behavioral Measurements Letter, 7, 2–11.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, S. H. (1995). Religion and well‐being in aging persons in an aging society. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 161–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2014). Social work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention. Boston, MA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Min, J. W., Moon, A., & Lubben, J. E. (2005). Determinants of psychological distress over time among older Korean Americans and Non-Hispanic White elders: Evidence from a two-wave panel study. Aging and Mental Health. 9, 210–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, P. K. (1992). The structure and social functions of Korean immigrant churches in the United States. International Migration Review, 26, 1370–1394. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2546887?uid=3739864&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21105987962631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mui, A. C. (2001). Stress, coping, and depression among elderly Korean immigrants. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 3, 281–299.
   Google Scholar
• Mui, A. C., & Lee, E. (2014). Correlates of depression among older Korean and Chinese immigrants in the United States. Ageing International, 39, 274–288.
   Google Scholar
• Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2008). Asian American elders in the twenty-first century: Key indicators of well-being. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2014). What is depression? Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooney, J., & Woodrum, E. (2002). Religious coping and church-based social support as predictors of mental health outcomes: Testing a conceptual model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 359–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabayashi, H., Liang, J., Krause, N., Akiyama, H., & Sugisawa, S. (2004). Mental health among older adults in Japan: Do sources of social support and negative interaction make a difference? Social Science & Medicine, 59, 2259–2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Ko, J. E., Haley, W. E., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2013). An empirical typology of social networks and its association with physical and mental health: A study with older Korean immigrants. Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, E. (1975). A Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23, 433–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh, S. (2010). The impact of religion, spirituality, and social support on depression and life satisfaction among Korean immigrant older adults (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Routledge, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Roh, S., Lee, Y. S., Lee, J. H., & Martin, J. I. (2014). Typology of religiosity/spirituality in relation to perceived health, depression, and life satisfaction among older Korean immigrants. Aging and Mental Health, 18, 444–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh, S., Lee, Y. S., Lee, K. H., Shibusawa, T., & Yoo, G. J. (2014). Friends, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction among older Korean Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10903-014-0021-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T.S., … Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin, M. K., Chae, Y. R., Choe, M. A., Murphy, P., Kim, J., & Jeon, M. Y. (2011). Perceived health, life satisfaction, and cardiovascular risk factors among elderly Korean immigrants and elderly Koreans. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 37 (3), 43–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin, M. K., Choe, M. A., Kim, J. I., Chae, Y. R., & Jeon, M. Y. (2010). Cross-cultural comparison of depression between elderly Korean immigrants and elderly Koreans. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 3, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, C. M., Deeg, D. J. H., van Tilburg, T. G., Vink, D., Stek, M. L., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2013). Gender differences in the relation between depression and social support in later life. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Sherman, D., Kim, H., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K., & Dunagan, M. (2004). Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2013).2010 Census American fact finder. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov
   Google Scholar
• Vanderhorst, R. K., & McLaren, S. (2005). Social relationships as predictors of depression and suicidal ideation in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 517–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolk, S. I., & Weisman, M. M. (1995). Women and depression: An update. Review of Psychiatry, 14, 227–259.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, S. T., Yoo, G. J., & Stewart, A. L. (2005). Examining types of social support and actual sources of support in older Chinese and Korean immigrants. International Journal of Health and Human Development, 61, 105–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S. T., Yoo, G. J., & Stewart, A. L. (2007). An empirical evaluation of social support and psychological well-being in older Chinese and Korean immigrants. Ethnicity & Health, 12, 43–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. A., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 739–746.
   Google Scholar
• Yi, G. H., & Bjorck, J. P. (2014). Religious support and psychological functioning in Korean American Protestant Christians. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 44–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, G. J., & Wood, S. (2013). Challenges and opportunities for improving health in the Korean American community. In G. J. Yoo, M. N. Le, & A. Y. Oda (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American health (pp. 73–85). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, D. P. (2006). Factors affecting subjective well-being for rural elderly individuals: The importance of spirituality, religiousness, and social support. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 25 (2), 59–75.
   Google Scholar
• Zunzunegui, M. V., Béland, F., Llácer, A., & León, V. (1998). Gender differences in depressive symptoms among Spanish elderly. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 195–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar