The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Job Burnout on Child Protective Services Case Managers' Commitment and Intent to Quit

References

• Ackers, G. M. (1999). The impact of clients' mental illness on social workers' job satisfaction and burnout. Health & Social Work, 24(2), 112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahola, K., & Hakanen, J. (2007). Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 103–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avey, J. B., Hughes, L. W., Norman, S. M., & Luthans, K. W. (2007). Using positivity, transformational leadership and empowerment to combat employee negativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 110–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730810852470
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951–968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., de Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources, and burnout predicts objective performance: A constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21(3), 309–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800801958637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger, G. A., Lehman, D. W., & Schoorman, F. D. (2010). Leader-member exchange and turnover before and after succession events. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113, 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamber, M., & McMahon, R. (2008). Danger-early maladaptive schemas at work! The role of early maladaptive schemas in career choice and development of occupational stress in health workers. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15(2), 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), 827–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychologist research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, R., Lloyd, E., Christ, S., Chapman, M., & Dickinson, N. (2008). Child welfare worker characteristics and job satisfaction: A national study. Social Work, 33(3), 199–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire (Form 5x-Short). Menlo Park, CA: Mindgarden.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beecroft, P. C., Dorey, F., & Wenten, D. (2008). Turnover intention in new graduate nurses: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. (1978). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis model and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31, 655–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boles, J. S., Dean, D. H., Ricks, J. M., Short, J. C., & Wang, G. (2000). The dimensionality of the Maslach Burnout Inventory across small business owner and educators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 12–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvb.1999.1689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyas, J. & Wind, L. H. (2010). Employment-based social capital, job stress, and employee burnout: A public child welfare employee structural model. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 380–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. M., & Wynn, S. R. (2009). Finding, supporting, and keeping: The role of the principal in teacher retention issues. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 8, 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15700760701817371
   Google Scholar
• Cahalane, H., & Sites, E. W. (2008). The climate of child welfare employee retention. Child Welfare, 87(1), 91–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. T. S., & Chan, E. H. W. (2005). Impact of perceived leadership styles on work outcomes: Case of building professionals. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 413–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:4(413)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A., & Freund, A. (2005). A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between multiple commitments and withdrawal cognitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21, 329–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2004.06.004
   Google Scholar
• Cole, M. S., & Bedeian, A. G. (2007). Leadership consensus as a cross-level contextual moderator of the emotional exhaustion-work commitment relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 447–462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leauqua.2007.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2009). Neuroticism and locus of control as moderators of the relationships of charismatic and autocratic leadership with burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1058–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon, Y. S., Chee-Leong, L., & Osman, S. (2010). An explanatory study on turnover intention among private sector employees. International Journal of Business & Management, 5(8), 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, M., Kern, R., Snow, J., & Curlette, W. (2009). Lifestyle and transformational leadership style. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 65(3), 212–240.
   Google Scholar
• Garden, A. M. (1987). Depersonalization: A valid dimension of burnout? Human Relations, 40, 545–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, Y., Bachelor, P., & Michael, W. B. (1989). The dimensionality of a modified form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for college students in a teacher training program. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 549–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, R. J., Travis, D. J., Ayers-Lopez, S., & Schwab, J. (2010). In search of innovation: A national qualitative analysis of child welfare recruitment and retention efforts. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 664–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. E., Albanese, B. J., Shapiro, N. M., & Aarons, G. A. (2014). The roles of individual and organizational factors in burnout among community-based mental health service providers. Psychological Services, 11(1), 41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., Lambert, E. G., Gucker-Gail, K. A., & Baker, D. N. (2010). Job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout of correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(2), 239–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg, U. E., Johansson, G., Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). Type A behavior and work situation: Associations with burnout and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg, U. E., & Sverke, M. (2004). Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: Two Swedish health care samples. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 320–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamstra, M. R. W., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2011). Transformational-transactional leadership styles and followers' regulatory focus. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10(4), 182–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.10237/1866.5888/a000043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings, R. P., Horne, S., & Mitchell, G. (2004). Burnout in direct care staff in intellectual disability services: A factor analytic study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(3), 268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnson, T. B. (2007). Burnout in the information technology sector: Does leadership matter? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(1), 58–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, L. W., Avey, J. B., Nixon, D. R. (2010). Relationships between leadership and followers' quitting intentions and job search behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 17(4), 351–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548051809358698
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, P. P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Houkes, I. (1999). Work-related and individual determinants of the three burnout dimensions. Work & Stress, 13(1), 74–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. E., & Chang, C. (2006). “I” is to continuance as “We” is to affective: The relevance of the self-concept for organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 549–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Snoek, J. E., Quinn, R. P., & Rosenthai, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kanste, O., Kyngas, H., & Nikkila, J. (2007). The relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff. Journal of Nursing Management, 15, 731–739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinman, G., & Grant, L. (2011). Exploring stress resilience in trainee social workers: The role of emotional and social competencies. British Journal of Social Work, 41(2), 261–275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcq088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2009). Turnover intention and emotional exhaustion “at the Top”: Adapting the job demands-resources model of leaders of addiction treatment organizations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(1), 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, J., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. (1997). Assessment of Meyer and Allen's three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 961–973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kos, M. E., & DeStefano, T. J. (2011). The investigation of the developmental course of burnout among rural clinicians. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, E14, 1, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ladebo, O. J. (2009). Emotional exhaustion and strain reactions: Perceived organizational support as a moderator. Psychological Society of South Africa, 39(1), 46–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G, & Paoline, E. A. (2010). Take this job and shove it: An exploratory study of turnover intent among jail staff. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 139–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsman, M. (2007). Supporting child welfare supervisors improve worker retention. Child Welfare, 86(2), 105–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1990). On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 743–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimension of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(12), 123–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 81, 123–133.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C., King, R., & Chenoweth, L. (2002). Social work, stress and burnout: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11(3), 255–265.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C. S., Ismail, T. L., & Josoh, A. (2012). Leadership styles & employees turnover intentions: Exploratory study of academic staff in a Malaysian College. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(4), 575–581.
   Google Scholar
• Mann-Feder, V., & Savicki, V. (2003). Burnout in Anglophone and Francophone child and youth workers in Canada: A cross-cultural comparison. Child & Youth Forum, 32(6), 337–354.
   Google Scholar
• Mary, N. L. (2005). Transformational leadership in human services organizations. Administration in Social Work, 29(2), 105–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J147v29n02_07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C. (1978). The client role in staff burnout-out. Journal of Social Issues, 34(4), 111–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W., & Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory. Menlo Park, CA: Mindgarden.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N.J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551.
   Google Scholar
• Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mook, D. G. (1983). In defense of external invalidity. American Psychologist, 379–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor Barak, M. E., Levin, A., Nissly, J. A., & Lane, C. J. (2006). Why do they leave? Modeling child welfare workers' turnover intentions. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 548–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulki, J. P., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. B. (2006). Emotional exhaustion and organizational deviance: Can the right job and a leader's style make a difference? Journal of Business Research, 59, 1222–1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, K., & Munir, F. (2009). How do transformational leaders influence followers' affective well-being? Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy. Work & Stress, 23(4), 313–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370903385106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717–731.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renner, L., Porter, R., & Preister, S. (2009). Improving the retention of child welfare workers by strengthening skills and increasing support for supervisors. Child Welfare, 88(5), 109–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripp, J., Faller, R., Babyatsky, M., David, R., Reich, L., & Korenstein, D. (2010). Prevalence of resident burnout at the start of training. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 22(3), 172–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2010.488194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. M (2008). Transformational leadership: Can it be trained? Worldview Thinking, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 121–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. J. (1994). Burnout in child protective services workers: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 655–666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Hoogduin, K., Schaap, C., & Kladler, A. (2001). On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Psychology and Health, 16, 565–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K. H. (2007). Organizational commitment: A further moderator in the relationship between work stress and strain? International Journal of Stress Management, 14(1), 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.1.26
   Google Scholar
• Tan, D. S. K., & Akhtar, S. (1998). Organizational commitment and experienced burnout: An exploratory study from a Chinese cultural perspective. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(4), 310–333.
   Google Scholar
• Taris, T. W., LeBlanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2005). Are there causal relationships between the dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory? A review and longitudinal tests. Work & Stress, 19(3), 238–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejeda, M. J., Scandura, T. A., & Pillai, R. (2001). The MLQ revisited psychometric properties and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 31–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hook, M. P., & Rothenberg, M. (2009). Quality of life and compassion satisfaction/fatigue and burnout in child welfare workers: A study of the child welfare workers in community based care organizations in central Florida. Social Work & Christianity, 36(1), 36–54.
   Google Scholar
• Vries, M., Hellwig, T., Vrignaud, P., Ramo, L., Florent-Treacy, E., & Korotov, K. (2008). Sustainable effectiveness of a transformational leadership development program: An exploratory study. International Journal of Coaching Psychology, 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., & Zhu, W. (2008). How transformational leadership weaves its influence on individual job performance: The role of identification and efficacy beliefs. Personnel Psychology, 61, 793–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., Chang, J., Clark, S., & Rhee, S. (2007). Keeping public child welfare works on the job. Administration in Social Work, 31(2), 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J147v31n02_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook, T., Ellis, J., & Ellett, A. (2006). Improving retention among public child welfare workers: What can we learn from the insights and experiences of committed survivors? Administration in Social Work, 30(4), 37+.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Cropanzan, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagil, D. (2006). The relationship of abusive and supportive workplace supervision to employee burnout and upward influence tactics. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6(1), 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J135v06n01_03
   Google Scholar