Modeling Daily Outdoor Recreation Participation and Time-Use as a Two-Stage Choice Process: A Finnish Example

References

• Amemiya , T. 1984 . Tobit models: A survey . Journal of Econometrics , 24 : 3 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andorka , R. 1987 . Time budgets and their uses . Annual Review of Sociology , 13 : 143 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , M. E. and Arnold , J. E. 2009 . Gendered time use at home: An ethnographic examination of leisure time in middle-class families . Leisure Studies , 28 ( 2 ) : 121 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , G. S. 1965 . A theory of the allocation of time . The Economic Journal , 75 : 493 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsley , D. A. , Kuh , E. and Welsch , R. E. 1980 . Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity , New York , NY : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bockstael , N. E. 1995 . “ Travel cost models ” . In The handbook of environmental economics , Edited by: Bromley , D. W. 655 – 671 . London , , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , S. G. and Rhodes , R. E. 2006 . Relationships among dog ownership and leisure-time walking in Western Canadian adults . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 30 ( 2 ) : 131 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappori , P. A. 1997 . Introducing household production in collective models of labor supply . Journal of Political Economy , 105 : 191 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , S. M. , Harvey , A. S. , Shaw , S. M. and Michelson , M. 1993 . Time use and leisure: Subjective and objective aspects . Social Indicators Research , 23 ( 4 ) : 337 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordell , H. K. 2004 . Outdoor recreation for 21st century America. A report to the nation: The national survey on recreation and the environment , State College , PA : Venture Publishing, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cordell , H. K. , Betz , C. J. and Green , G. T. 2008 . Nature-based outdoor recreation trends and wilderness . International Journal of Forestry , 14 ( 2 ) : 7 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Cordell , H. K. and Super , G. R. 2000 . “ Trends in Americans’ outdoor recreation ” . In Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism , Edited by: Gartner , W. C. and Lime , D. W. 133 – 144 . London , , UK : CAPI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Cotte , J. and Ratneshwar , S. 2000 . “ Timestyle and consuming leisure time: Why do we do what we do? ” . In The why of consumption , Edited by: Ratneshwar , S. , Mick , D. G. and Huffman , C. 216 – 236 . London , , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cotte , J. and Ratneshwar , S. 2001 . Timestyle and leisure decisions . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 ( 4 ) : 396 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cragg , J. 1971 . Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods . Econometrica , 39 ( 5 ) : 829 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , W. H. and Norton , E. C. 2003 . Choosing between and interpreting the Heckit and two-part models for corner solutions . Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology , 4 : 5 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Duan , N. , Manning , W. G. Jr. , Morris , C. N. and Newhouse , J. P. 1983 . A comparison of alternative models for the demand for medical care . Journal of Business and Economic Statistics , 1 ( 2 ) : 115 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• EUROSTAT . 2004 . Guidelines on harmonized European time use studies , Working papers and studies. Theme 3: Population and Social Conditions Luxembourg : European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Fin , T. and Schmidt , P. 1984 . A test of the Tobit specifications against an alternative suggested by Cragg . Review of Economics and Statistics , 66 : 174 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , R. and Spellerberg , A. 1999 . Using time use data: A history of time use surveys and uses of time use data , Wellington , , New Zealand : Statistics New Zealand—Te Tari Tatau .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , P. A. , Duwors , E. , Villeneuve , M. , Boyd , S. and Legg , D. 2003 . Socioeconomic significance of nature-based recreation in Canada . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 86 : 129 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , W. H. 2002 . LIMDEP Version 8.0. Reference guide , Econometric Software, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gronau , R. 1977 . Leisure, home production and work—the theory of the allocation of time revisited . Journal of Political Economy , 85 : 1099 – 1123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , J. J. 1976 . The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models . Annals of Economic Social Measurement , 5 : 475 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckman , J. J. 1979 . Sample selection bias as a specification error . Econometrica , 47 ( 1 ) : 153 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , R. C. and Juster , F. T. 1985 . “ Constraints and complementaries in time-use ” . In Time, goods, and well-being , Edited by: Juster , T. F. and Stafford , F. P. 415 – 437 . Ann Arbor , MI : SRC, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Hörnsten , L. 2000 . Outdoor recreation in Swedish forests—implications for society and forestry , Department of Forest Management and Products Upsala , , Sweden : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Jackel , M. and Wollscheid , S. 2007 . Time is money and money needs time: A secondary analysis of time-budget data in Germany . Journal of Leisure Research , 39 ( 1 ) : 86 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. 1999 . “ Participation differences among social groups ” . In Outdoor recreation in American life: A national assessment of demand and supply trends , Edited by: Cordell , H. K. , Betz , C. J. , English , D. B. K. , Mou , S. H. , Bergstrom , J. C. , Teasley , R. J. , Tarrant , M. A. and Loomis , J. 248 – 268 . Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Juster , F. T. 1999 . “ The future of research on time use ” . In Time use—research, data and policy , FFB-Schriftenreihe Band 10 Edited by: Merz , J. and Ehling , M. 551 – 560 . Baden-Baden , , Germany : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Klevmarken , A. 1999 . “ Microeconomic analysis of time use data: Did we reach the promised land? ” . In Time use—research, data and policy , FFB-Schriftenreihe Band 10 Edited by: Merz , J. and Ehling , M. 423 – 456 . Baden-Baden , , Germany : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Leung , S. F. and Yu , S. 1996 . On the choice between sample selection and two-part models . Journal of Econometrics , 72 ( 1–2 ) : 197 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden , D. 2008 . Sample selection versus two-part models revisited: The case of female smoking and drinking . Journal of Health Economics , 27 ( 2 ) : 300 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , J. and Moffit , R. 1980 . The use of Tobit analysis . Review of Econometrics and Statistics , 62 : 318 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock , S. H. , Backman , K. , Colberg , E. , Hoque , Md. N. and Hamm , R. R. 1990 . Modeling demographic change and characteristics in the analysis of future demand for leisure services . Leisure Sciences , 12 ( 1 ) : 79 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Niemi , I. 1993 . Systematic error in behavioral measurement: Comparing results from interview and time budget studies . Social Indicators Research , 30 : 229 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi , I. and Pääkkönen , H. 2001 . Time use changes in Finland in the 1990s , Culture and Media, 2 Helsinki , , Finland : Statistics Finland .
   Google Scholar
• Palmquist , R. B. , Phaneuf , D. J. and Smith , V. K. 2010 . Short-run constraints and the increasing marginal value of time in recreation . Environmental and Resource Economics , 46 ( 1 ) : 19 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhani , P. A. 2000 . The Heckman correction for sample selection and its critique . Journal of Economic Surveys , 14 : 53 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pääkkönen , H. and Niemi , I. 2002 . A Finnish everyday life—time-use in a turn of the millenium , Culture and Media, 2 Helsinki , , Finland : Statistic Finland .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. P. 1985 . “ The validity and reliability of diaries versus alternative time use measures ” . In Time, goods and well-being , Edited by: Juster , T. F. and Stafford , F. 33 – 62 . Ann Arbor , MI : Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. P. and Godbey , G. 1999 . Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time , 2nd ed. , University Park , PA : The Pennsylvania State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruuskanen , O.-P. 2004 . An econometric analysis of time use in Finnish households , Helsinki , , Finland : Helsinki School of Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Saastamoinen , O. and Vaara , M. 2009 . Small-scale forest related activities in the everyday life of the Finns: Results of time-budget analysis . Small-scale Forestry , 8 ( 4 ) : 425 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandell , K. 1991, December . Outdoor recreation—re-creation or creation? . Nordisk Samhällsgeografsk Tidskrift , 14 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Sartori , A. 2003 . An estimator for some binary-outcome selection models without exclusion restrictions . Political Analysis , 11 : 111 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievänen , T. , Pouta , E. and Neuvonen , M. 2007 . Recreational home users—potential clients for countryside tourism? . Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism , 7 ( 3 ) : 223 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievänen , T. 2001 . Outdoor recreation 2000 , (Research Papers 802) Vantaa , , Finland : The Finnish Forest Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sigelman , L. and Zeng , L. 1999 . Analyzing censored and sample-selected data with Tobit and Heckit models . Political Analysis , 8 : 167 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Siikamäki , J. 2009 . Use of time for outdoor recreation in the United States, 1965–2007 , Discussion Papers Washington , DC : Resources for the Future .
   Google Scholar
• Spissu , E. , Pinjari , A. R. , Bhat , C. R. , Pendyala , R. M. and Axhausen , K. W. 2009 . An analysis of weekly out-of-home discretionary activity participation and time-use behavior . Transportation , 36 ( 5 ) : 483 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , J. 2009 . Tobit or Not Tobit? , (Working Paper 432) Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Szalai , A. 1972 . “ The time-budget project, organization, methods and approaches ” . In The use of time , Edited by: Szalai , A. 1 – 190 . The Hague , , The Netherlands : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Tobin , J. 1958 . Estimation relationship for limited dependent variables . Econometrica , 46 ( 1 ) : 24 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaara , M. 2006 . “ Forests as a free time environment ” . In Luontopolkuja. Tilastokatsaus , 10 – 13 . Helsinki , , Finland : Statistics Finland .
   Google Scholar
• Vaara , M. and Saastamoinen , O. 2002 . Time-use in nature-based recreation activities in 1987/88: Based on original time-use study data of Statistics Finland , (Research Notes 144) Joensuu , , Finland : University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Vaara , M. and Saastamoinen , O. 2006 . “ Metsät ja puut arjen ajankäytössä—Kuvakulmia suomalaiseen elämäntapaan ” . In Metsät ja hyvä elämä Edited by: Vehkamäki , S. 345 – 403 . Monitieteinen tutkimusraportti. Helsinki, Finland: Metsäkustannus Oy
   Google Scholar
• Väisänen , P. 2002a . “ Sampling design of the 1999–2000 Finnish time use survey ” . In Time use changes in Finland in the 1990s , Edited by: Niemi , I. and Pääkkönen , H. 111 – 121 . Helsinki , , Finland : Statistics Finland .
   Google Scholar
• Väisänen , P. Paper presented at the IATUR Annual Conference . Lisbon , Portugal. Estimation procedure of the Finnish time use survey 1999–2000 ,
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , R. G. , Jon , K. H. , McKean , J. R. and Hof , J. 1992 . Effect of price on forecasts of participation in fish and wildlife recreation: An aggregate demand model . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 : 140 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ås , D. 1978 . Studies of time-use: Problems and prospects . Acta Sociologica , 21 ( 2 ) : 125 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar