The (In)Visibility of Grandparents in Family Leisure Research: A Call for Expanded Conceptualizations of “Family”

References

• Agate, J. R., Zabriskie, R. B., Agate, S. T., & Poff, R. (2009). Family leisure satisfaction and satisfaction with family life. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 205–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtson, V. L., & Silverstein, M. (1993). Families, aging, and social change: Seven agendas for 21st century researchers. In G. Maddox & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Kinship, aging, and social change, Vol. 13: Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (pp. 15–38). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bialeschki, M. D., & Pearce, K. D. (1997). “I don't want a lifestyle—I want a life”: The effect of role negotiations on the leisure of lesbian mothers. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 113–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. A., McGuire, F. A., &Voelkl, J. (2008). The link between successful aging and serious leisure. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 73–95. doi:10.2190/AG.66.1.d
   Google Scholar
• Brussoni, M. J., & Boon, S. D. (1998). Grandparental impact in young adults' relationships with their closest grandparents: The role of relationship strength and emotional closeness. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 45, 267–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, L., & Roberts, C. (2004). The meaning of grandparenthood and its contribution to the quality of life for older people. In A. Walker & C. H. Hennessy (Eds.), Growing older: Quality of life in old age (pp. 188–208). New York, NY: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connidis, I. A. (2010). Family ties and aging. (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pine Forge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connidis, I. A. (2012). Theoretical directions for studying family ties and aging. In R. Bliezner and V. Hilkevitch Bedford (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 35–60). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Cooney, T. M., & Dykstra, P. A. (2013). Theories and their empirical support in the study of intergenerational family relationships in adulthood. In M. A. Fine & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Handbook of family theories: A content-based approach (pp. 356–378). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 14, 538–554.
   Google Scholar
• Dionigi, R. (2006). Competitive sport as leisure in later life: Negotiations, discourse, and aging. Leisure Sciences, 28, 181–196. doi:10.1080/01490400500484081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis, S. L. (2002). Intergenerational education programs in leisure and aging courses: Older adult and student experiences. SCHOLE, 17(1). Retrieved from http://js.sagamorepub.com/schole/article/view/225
   Google Scholar
• Dupuis, S. L., Whyte, C., Carson, J., Genoe, R., Meshino, L., & Sadler, L. (2012). Just dance with me: An authentic partnership approach to understanding leisure in the dementia context. World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 240–254.
   Google Scholar
• Dyck, V., & Daly, K. (2006). Rising to the challenge: Fathers' role in the negotiation of couple time. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 201–217.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, M. B., & Matarrita-Cascante, D. (2011). Rurality in leisure research: A review of four major journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 447–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone, M., & Hepworth M. (1995). Images of positive aging: A case study of Retirement Choice magazine. In M. Featherstone & A. Wernick (Eds.), Images of aging: Cultural representations of later life (pp. 29–48). London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, H., & Kirk, D. (2009). Identity work: Young disabled people, family, and sport. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 469–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freysinger, V. J. (1997). Redefining family, redefining leisure: Progress made and challenges ahead in research on leisure and families. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., Reid, C. J., Millar, S., &Hoeber, L. (2005). Putting “participatory” into participatory forms of action research. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 367–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genoe, M. R., & Dupuis, S. L. (2014). The role of leisure within the dementia context. Dementia, 13(1), 33–58. doi:10.1177/1471301212447028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibson, H. J. (2002). Busy travelers: Leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life. World Leisure Journal, 44(2), 11–20. doi:10.1080/04419057.2002.9674266
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J. (2006). Leisure and later life: Past, present and future. Leisure Studies, 25, 397–401. doi:10.1080/02614360600896437
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, M. (2006). Sport and leisure as contexts for fathering in Australian families. Leisure Studies, 25, 165–183. doi:10.1080/02614360500503265
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, M., & Dawson, D. (1995). Who has it best? Women's labor force participation, perceptions of leisure and constraints to enjoyment of leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(1), 4–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E. (2011). Trip of a lifetime: An autoethnographic retrospective on a life-altering family vacation. Paper presented at the 13th Canadian Congress on Leisure Research (pp. 140–143). St. Catharines, ON, Canada: Canadian Association for Leisure Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Hayslip Jr., B., Blumenthal, H., & Garner, A. (2015). Social support and grandparent caregiver health: One year longitudinal findings for grandparents raising their grandchildren. Journals of Gerontology Series B, 70(5), 804–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayslip Jr., B., & Page, K. S. (2012). Grandparenthood: Grandchild and great-grandchild relationships. In R. Bliezner & V. Hilkevitch Bedford (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 183–212). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S. (2014). “Grannie's got to go fishing”: Meanings and experiences of family leisure for three-generation families in rural and urban settings. World Leisure Journal, 56(1), 42–61. doi:10.1080/04419057.2013.876588
   Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S. (2015). Understanding ambivalence in family leisure among three-generation families: “It's all part of the package.” Annals of Leisure Research, 18(3), 359–376. doi:10.1080/11745398.2015.1063443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S. (2016). Grandparents' reflections of family leisure: “It keeps a family together.” Journal of Leisure Research, 48(1), 69–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S., & Curley, L. (2015). Exploring the role of community recreation in stroke recovery using participatory action research and photovoice. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 49(1), 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S., & Norris, J. E. (2011). Expressions of generativity through family leisure: Experiences of grandparents and adult grandchildren. Family Relations, 60(1), 121–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebblethwaite, S., & Norris, J. E. (2010). “You don't want to hurt his feelings”: Family leisure as a context for intergenerational ambivalence. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(3), 489–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, C., Bocarro, J., Henderson, K. A., Zabriskie, R., Parcel, T. L., & Kanters, M. A. (2015). Family leisure: An integrative review of research from select journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 577–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, S. (2013). Three generations of women's leisure: Changes, challenges and continuities. Journal of Gender Studies, 22(3), 309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, T. B., & Epperson, A. (1984). Family and leisure: A review of the literature with research recommendations. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(4), 277–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, S. L., & Nimrod, G. (2012). Leisure as a resource for successful aging by older adults with chronic health conditions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 74, 41–65. doi:10.2190/AG.74.1.c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivan, L., & Hebblethwaite, S. (2016). Grannies on the net: Grandmothers' experiences of Facebook in family communication. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 18(1), 11–25.
   Google Scholar
• Janke, M., Davey, A., & Kleiber, D. (2006). Modeling change in older adults' leisure activities. Leisure Sciences, 28, 285–303. doi:10.1080/01490400600598145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janke, M. C., Nimrod, G., & Kleiber, D. A. (2008). Leisure activity and depressive symptoms of widowed and married women in later life. Journal of Leisure Research, 40, 250–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, S. (2005). Cultural aging: Life course, lifestyle and senior worlds. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S. (2013). Active and successful aging: Lifestyle as a gerontological idea. Recherches Sociologique et Anthropologique, 44, 333–349.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. R. (1997). Changing issues in leisure-family research–again. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 132–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivnick, H. Q. (1982). Grandparenthood: An overview of meaning and mental health. The Gerontologist, 22, 59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogstad, J. M. (2015). 5 facts about American grandparents. Pew Research Center. Retrieved From http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/13/5-facts-about-american-grandparents/
   Google Scholar
• Mactavish, J. B., MacKay, K. J., Iwasaki, Y., & Betteridge, D. (2007). Family caregivers of individuals with intellectual disability: Perspectives on life quality and the role of vacations. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1), 127–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, S. S., & Kleiber, D. A. (2005). Using leisure services to build social capital in later life: Classical traditions, contemporary realities, and emerging possibilities. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 475–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, F. (2000). What do we know? Not much: The state of leisure and aging research. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 97–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelson, W. (2011). What makes an activity most enjoyable? Alternative ways of measuring subjective aspects of time-use. Social Indicators Research, 103, 77–91. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9697-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan, A., Laflamme, N., & Wong, I. (2015). Diversity of grandparents living with their grandchildren. Ottawa, ON, Camada: Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X, no. 2015001.
   Google Scholar
• Milardo, R. M. (2010). The forgotten kin: Aunts and uncles. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. (2010, June 8). The grey tsunami. The Mark News. Canada. Retrieved from http://www.themarknews.com/articles/1653-the-grey-tsunami/#.URoqiR1PjSg
   Google Scholar
• Mobily, K. E. (2014). Walking among older adults. World Leisure Journal, 56(2), 130–140. doi:10.1080/16078055.2014.903725
   Google Scholar
• Neugarten, B. L., & Weinstein, K. K. (1964). The changing American grandparent. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 199–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimrod, G. (2009). The Internet as a resource in older adults' leisure. International Journal of Disability and Human Development, 8, 207–214. doi:10.1515/IJDHD.2009.8.3.207
   Google Scholar
• Nimrod, G., Janke, M. C., & Kleiber, D. A. (2008). Expanding, reducing, concentrating and diffusing: Activity patterns of recent retirees in the United States. Leisure Sciences, 31, 37–52. doi:10.1080/01490400802558087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, J. E., Pratt, M. W., & Kuiack, S. L. (2003). Parent-child relations in adulthood: An intergenerational family systems perspective. In L. Kuczynski (Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent-child relations (pp. 325–344), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Olshansky, S., Goldman, D., Zheng, Y., & Rowe, J. (2009). Aging in America in the 21st century: Demographic forecasts from the MacArthur Foundation network on an aging society. The Milbank Quarterly, 84, 842–862. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00581.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, A. A., Freeman, P. A., & Zabriskie, R. B. (2007). Family deepening: A qualitative inquiry into the experience of families who participate in service expeditions. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), 438–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, E. (2011). The active aging agenda, old folk devils and a new moral panic. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28, 209–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix, A. (2006). Editorial: Intersectionality. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13(3), 187–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poff, R. A., Zabriskie, R. B., & Townsend, J. A. (2010). Modeling family leisure and related family constructs: A national study of U.S. parent and youth perspectives. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(3), 365–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (2001). Handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice. London, England: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rojek, C. (2005). Leisure theory: Principles and practices. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Roley, R., Bell, R., Watt, B., & Simpson, H. (2015). Grandparents raising grandchildren: Investigating factors associated with distress among custodial grandparent. Journal of Family Studies, 21(2), 101–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, K. A., & Dustin, D. L. (2015). Towards a model of optimal family leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 18(2), 180–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scraton, S., & Holland, S. (2006). Grandfatherhood and leisure. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 233–250.
   Google Scholar
• Scraton, S., & Watson, B. (2013). Older age, family and leisure. In D. Bialeschki, V. J. Freysinger, K. A. Henderson & S. M. Shaw (Eds.), Leisure, women, and gender. State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, C. S., & Shaw, S. M. (2005). “If the dishes don't get done today, they'll get done tomorrow”: A breast cancer experience as a catalyst for changes in women's leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 195–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (1997). Controversies and contradictions in family leisure: An analysis of conflicting paradigms. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 98–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., & Dawson, D. (2001). Purposive leisure: Examining parental discourses on family activities. Leisure Sciences, 23(4), 217–231. doi:10.1080/02614360500504693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delamere, F. M. (2008). “I decided to invest in my kids memories”: Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13–26.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2011). Age group of child, number of grandparents, and sex for the grandchildren living with grandparents with no parents present, in private households of Canada, provinces and territories. 2011 census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-312-XCB2011036.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2012). Census dictionary. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Minister of Industry.
   Google Scholar
• Tirone, S. C., & Shaw, S. M. (1997). At the center of their lives: Indo Canadian women, their families, and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 225–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell, D. E., & Shaw, S. M. (2009). Changing family life in the rural context: Women's perspectives of family leisure on the farm. Leisure Sciences, 31, 434–449. doi:10.1080/01490400903199468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell, D. E., Xing, T. M. K., & Oswald, A. G. (2015). Family leisure and the coming out process for LGB young people and their parents. Annals of Leisure Research, 18(3), 323–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlenberg, P. (2009). Children in an aging society. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64B, 489–496. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A. J. (2009). A feminist critique of family studies. In S. A. Lloyd, A. L. Few & K. R. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of feminist family studies (pp. 18–27). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, P. J., Barney, K. W., Lundbery, N. R., & Zabriskie, R. B. (2014). A critical examination of couple leisure and the application of the core and balance model. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(5), 593–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, B. (1995). Leisure and resistance in an ageing society. Leisure Studies, 14, 263–279.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, B. (1996). Grandmotherhood as leisure? World Leisure and Recreation, 38(4), 15–19.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_NMH_NPH_02.8.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and feminist politics. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13(3), 193–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabriskie, R., & McCormick, B. (2001). The influences of family leisure patterns on perceptions of family functioning. Family Relations, 50(3), 281–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar