Measuring Birding Specialization: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

References

• Bagozzi , R. , Yi , Y. and Philips , L. 1991 . Assessing construct validity in organization research . Administrative Sciences Quarterly , 36 : 421 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , H. S. 1960 . Notes on the concept of commitment . American Journal of Sociology , 66 ( July ) : 32 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1995 . EQS structural equations program manual , Encino, CA : Multivariate software .
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , P. , Black , W. and Lichtenstein , D. 1989 . Involvement with the equipment component of sport: Links to recreational commitment . Leisure Sciences , 11 : 187 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bricker , K. and Kerstetter , D. 2000 . Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists . Leisure Sciences , 22 : 233 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1977 . Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen . Journal of Leisure Research , 9 : 174 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1979 . Conflict in the great outdoors: Toward understanding and managing for diverse sportsmen preferences , Tuscaloosa : Bureau of Public Administration, The University of Alabama .
   Google Scholar
• Bryman , A. and Cramer , D. 1990 . Quantitative data analysis for social scientists , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , T. 1985 . Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective . Leisure Sciences , 7 : 401 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. T. and Fiske , D. W. 1959 . Convergent and discrimination validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix . Psychological Bulletin , 56 : 81 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipman , B. and Helfrich , L. 1988 . Recreational specialization and motivations of Virginia river anglers . North Americans Journal of Fisheries Management , 8 : 390 – 398 .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , S. , Loomis , D. and Ditton , R. 1994 . Effect of social group, activity, and specialization on recreation substitution decisions . Leisure Sciences , 16 : 143 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocker , M. 2002 . Birders: Tales of a tribe , Grove/Atlantic : Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , J. and Scott , D. 1999 . Segmenting participation in wildlife watching: A comparison of casual wildlife watchers and serious birders . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 4 ( 4 ) : 44 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Cordell , H. K. , Herbert , N. G. and Pandolfi , F. 1999 . The growing popularity of birding in the United States . Birding , 31 ( April ) : 168 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Ditton , R. B. , Loomis , D. K. and Choi , S. 1992 . Recreational specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social world perspective . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 : 33 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly , M. , Vaske , J. and Graefe , A. 1986 . Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 81 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly , P. 1994 . Take my word for it: Trust in the context of birding and mountaineering . Qualitative Sociology , 17 : 215 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher , L. 1994 . A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. 1998 . Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification . Psychological Methods , 3 : 424 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. 1973 . Commitment: A conceptual structure and empirical application . The Sociological Quarterly , 14 : 395 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Scott , D. and Crompton , J. L. 1997 . An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavioral involvement, commitment and future intentions in the context of birdwatching . Journal of Leisure Research , 29 : 320 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , R. 1998 . Principles and practice of structural equation modeling , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuentzel , W. F. and Heberlein , T. 1992 . Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters? . Leisure Sciences , 14 : 211 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuentzel , W. F. and McDonald , G. 1992 . Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 : 269 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Hocevar , D. 1983 . Confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multi method matrices . Journal of Educational Measurement , 20 : 231 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , S. R. 1997 . Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. 1994 . Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 22 : 361 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. 1996 . Socialization influences of specialization among birdwatchers . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 1 ( 1 ) : 35 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. , Boxall , P. G. and Watson , D. 1998 . Past experience and behavioral choice among wilderness users . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 : 195 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. 1989 . The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 : 167 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. and Pigram , J. J. 1992 . Recreational specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers . Leisure Sciences , 14 : 3 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. and Bernstein , I. H. 1994 . Psychometric theory , (3rd ed.) , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. 2002 . Development of a multi-dimensional scale for measuring the perceived value of a service . Journal of Leisure Research , 34 : 119 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. , Backman , S. J. , Bixler , R. and Norman , W. 2001 . Analysis of golfer motivation and constraints by experience . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 56 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. and Lime , D. 1984 . A novice isn't necessarily a novice: The influence of experience use history on subjective perceptions of recreation participation . Leisure Sciences , 6 : 131 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. , Lime , D. and Williams , D. 1989 . Characterizing the influence of past experiences on recreation behavior . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 34 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , Baker , S. M. and Kim , C. 1999 . Motivations and commitments among participants in the Great Texas Birding Classic . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 4 ( 1 ) : 50 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Godbey , G. 1992 . An analysis of adult play groups: Social versus serious participation in contract bridge . Leisure Sciences , 14 : 47 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Godbey , G. 1994 . Recreational specialization in the social world of contract bridge . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 : 275 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Shafer , C. S. 2001a . Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 319 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Shafer , C. S. 2001b . A rejoinder to reviewers' comments . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 357 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , Stewart , W. and Cole , J. 1997 . An examination of activity preferences and orientations among serious birders , College Station : Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Thigpen , J. 2003 . Understanding the birder as tourist: Segmenting visitors to the Texas Hummer/Bird Celebration . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 8 : 181 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Shafer , C. S. and Hammit , W. 1995 . Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 15 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbins , R. 1992 . Amateurs, professional, and serious leisure , Montreal, , Canada : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. and Fidell , L. 1996 . Using multivariate statistics , (3rd ed.) , New York : HarperCollins College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Virden , R. and Schreyer , R. 1988 . Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference . Environment and Behavior , 20 : 721 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , D. , Roggenbuck , J. and Smith , A. 1982 . Recreational specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1980 . Relationship to place as a determinant of outdoor recreation preferences , Logan : Utah State University . Unpublished M.S. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. and Huffman , M. G. 1986 . “ Recreation specialization as a factor in backcountry trail choice ” . In Proceedings of the National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research , General Technical Report INT-212 Edited by: Lucas , R. 339 – 344 . Ogden, UT : USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. , Schreyer , R. and Knopf , R. 1990 . The effect of the experience use history on multidimensional structure of motivations to participate in leisure activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 22 : 36 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar