Behavioral Adaptations to Crowding Disturbance: Evidence from Nature Reserves in Israel

References

• Ajzen , I. 1991 . The theory of planned behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50 : 179 – 211 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alreck , P. L. and Settle , R. B. 1985 . The survey research handbook , Homewood, Illinois : Richard D. Irwin Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. H. and Brown , P. J. 1984 . The displacement process in recreation . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 61 – 73 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , R. H. 1981 . Displacement of recreational users between the lower St. Croix and Upper Mississippi rivers . Journal of Environmental Management , 13 : 259 – 267 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Akiva , M. and Lerman , S. R. , eds. 1985 . Discrete Choice Analysis , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brunson , M. W. and Shelby , B. 1993 . Recreation substitutability: A research agenda . Leisure Sciences , 15 : 67 – 74 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garling , T. and Golledge , R. G. 2000 . “ Cognitive mapping and spatial decision-making ” . In Cognitive mapping: Past, present and future , Edited by: Kitchin , R. and Freundschuh , S. 45 – 65 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gramann , J. H. 1982 . Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 109 – 126 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Green , W. 1993 . Econometric analysis , New York : Macmillan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , T. and Shelby , B. 2000 . Temporal and spatial displacement: Evidence from a high-use reservoir and alternative sites . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 : 435 – 456 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt , W. E. and Patterson , M. E. 1991 . Coping behavior to avoid visitor encounters: Its relationship to wildland privacy . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 225 – 237 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi , C. and Manning , R. 1999 . Crowding and conflict on the carriage roads of Acadia National Park: An application of the visitor experience and resource protection framework . Park Science , 19 : 22 – 26 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kuentzel , W. F. and Heberlein , T. 1992 . Cognitive and behavioral adaptation to perceived crowd: A panel study of coping and displacement . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 : 377 – 393 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal and coping , New York : Springer Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , G. J. , O'Leary , T. , Lee , S. H. and Morrison , A. 2002 . Comparison and contrast of push and pull motivational effects on trip behavior: An application of a multinomial logistic regression model . Tourism Analysis , 7 : 89 – 104 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , H. and Graefe , A. R. 2003 . Crowding at an arts festival: Extending crowding models to the frontcountry . Tourism Management , 24 : 1 – 11 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R. E. 1986 . Studies in outdoor recreation , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R. E. 1999 . Studies in outdoor recreation, , 2nd ed. , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R. E. 2003 . What to do about crowding and solitude in parks and wilderness? A reply to Stewart and Cole . Journal of Leisure Research , 35 : 107 – 118 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R. E. and Valliere , W. A. 2001 . Coping in outdoor recreation: Causes and consequences of crowding and conflict among community residents . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 410 – 426 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , T. A. and McCool , S. F. 2003 . Coping with stress in outdoor recreational settings: An application of transactional stress theory . Leisure Sciences , 25 : 257 – 275 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , I. E. . Response to conflict among wilderness visitors . Wilderness science in a time of change conference . Edited by: McCool , S. F. , Cole , D. N. , Borrie , W. T. and O'Loughlin , J. Vol. 4 , pp. 160 – 163 . Fort Collins, CO : USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Bregenzer , N. S. and Johnson , R. 1988 . Displacement and product shift: Empirical evidence from Oregon Rivers . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 274 – 288 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Heberlein , T. A. 1986 . Carrying capacity in recreation settings , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Vaske , J. J. 1991 . Resource and activity substitutes for recreational salmon fishing in New Zealand . Leisure Sciences , 13 : 21 – 32 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Vaske , J. J. and Heberlein , T. A. 1989 . Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research . Leisure Sciences , 11 : 269 – 291 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Stankey , G. H. 1973 . Visitor perception of wilderness recreation carrying capacity , Ogden, Utah : USDA Forest Service . (Report INT–142)
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , W. P. and Cole , D. N. 2001 . Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 106 – 117 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant , M. A. and English , D. B. K. 1996 . A crowding-based model of social carrying capacity: Applications for whitewater boating use . Journal of Leisure Research , 28 : 155 – 167 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J. J. , Shelby , B. , Graefe , A. R. and Heberlein , T. A. 1986 . Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, methods and empirical evidence . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 137 – 153 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar