Measuring perceived similarity among outdoor recreation activities: A comparison of visual and verbal stimulus presentations

References

• Allen , L.R. and Buchanan , T. 1982 . Techniques for comparing leisure classification systems . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 : 302 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , R. and Heberlein , T.A. 1981 . Process, goal and social interaction differences in recreation: what makes an activity substitutable . Leisure Sciences , 4 : 443 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , B.W. 1976 . Perceived similarities among recreational activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 8 : 112 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , D.W. 1970 . Stability of the factor structure of leisure behavior: analysis of four communities . Journal of Leisure Research , 2 : 160 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1977 . Leisure value systems and recreation specialization: the case of trout fishermen . Journal of Leisure Research , 9 : 174 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , T. , Christensen , J.E. and Burdge , R.J. 1981 . Social groups and the meaning of outdoor activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 13 : 254 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdge , R.J. , Buchanan , T. and Christensen , J.E. 1981 . “ A critical assessment of the state of outdoor recreation research ” . In Outdoor recreation planning, perspectives, and research , Edited by: Napier , T. 3 – 11 . Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Chase , D.R. and Cheek , N.H. 1979 . Activity preferences and participation: conclusions from a factor analytic study . Journal of Leisure Research , 11 : 92 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawson , M. and Knetsch , J.L. 1966 . Economics of outdoor recreation , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davison , M.L. 1983 . Multidimensional scaling , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ditton , R.B. , Goodale , T.L. and Johnsen , P.K. 1975 . A cluster analysis of activity, frequency, and environmental variables to identify water‐based recreation types . Journal of Leisure Research , 7 : 282 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , D.L. 1978 . Leisure types: factor analyses of leisure profiles . Journal of Leisure Research , 10 : 113 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , G.D. and Witt , P.A. 1984 . The measurement of perceived freedom in leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 110 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , D.R. and O'Leary , J.T. 1973 . Social groups as a basis for assessing participation in selected water activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 110 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawes , D.K. 1978 . Satisfactions derived from leisure‐time pursuits: an exploratory nationwide survey . Journal of Leisure Research , 10 : 247 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook , M.B. 1980 . Representing patterns of association among leisure activities: a comparison of two techniques . Journal of Leisure Research , 12 : 242 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso‐Ahola , S.E. 1980 . The social psychology of leisure and recreation , Dubuque : Wm. C. Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Kruskal , J.B. , Young , F.W. and Seery , J.B. 1973 . How to use KYST, a very flexible program to do multidimensional scaling and unfolding , Murray Hill, NJ : Bell Laboratories . Unpublished Manual
   Google Scholar
• Levine , M.S. 1977 . Canonical analysis and factor comparison , Beverly Hills : Sage Publishing, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• London , M. , Crandall , R. and Fitzgibbons , D. 1977 . The psychological structure of leisure: activities, needs, people . Journal of Leisure Research , 9 : 252 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredo , M.J. and Anderson , D. 1987 . The influence of opportunity importance and similarity on perception of recreation substitutes . Leisure Sciences , 9 : 77 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• McKechnie , G.E. 1974 . The psychological structure of leisure: past behavior . Journal of Leisure Research , 6 : 27 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J.K. 1975 . The sampling distribution and a test for the significance of the multivariate redundancy statistic: a Monte Carlo study . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 10 : 233 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary , J.T. , Field , D.R. and Schreuder , G.F. 1974 . “ Social groups and water activity clusters: an exploration of interchangeability and substitution ” . In Water and community development: social and economic perspectives , Edited by: Field , D.R. , Borrow , J.C. and Long , B.F. 195 – 215 . Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• O'Leary , J.T. and Dottavio , D.F. 1981 . “ Recreation activity clusters in different resource settings ” . In Outdoor recreation planning, perspectives, and research , Edited by: Napier , T. 173 – 181 . Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Pruzansky , S. 1975 . How to use SINDSCAL: A computer program for individual differences in multidimensional scaling , Murray Hill, NJ : Bell Laboratories . Unpublished Manual
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , J.R.B. 1975 . On the derivation of leisure activity types: a perceptual mapping approach . Journal of Leisure Research , 7 : 128 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romsa , G.H. 1973 . A method of deriving outdoor recreational activity packages . Journal of Leisure Research , 5 : 34 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , R.T. 1934 . Optimum orders for the presentation of pairs in the method of paired comparisons . The Journal of Educational Psychology , 25 : 41 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Sahal , D. 1977 . Towards a theory of general systems . General Systems , 22 : 41 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. , Lime , D.W. and Williams , D.R. 1984 . Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 31 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Spence , I. and Ogilvie , J.C. 1973 . A table of expected stress values for random rankings in non‐metric multidimensional scaling . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 8 : 511 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatham , R.L. and Domoff , R.J. 1971 . Market segmentation for outdoor recreation . Journal of Leisure Research , 3 : 5 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. 1977 . Features of similarity . Psychological Review , 84 : 327 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linger , L.S. 1984 . The effects of situational variables on the subjective leisure experience . Leisure Sciences , 6 : 291 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. and Tweed , D.L. 1983 . Recreationist‐defined versus researcher‐defined similarity judgments in substitutability research . Journal of Leisure Research , 15 : 251 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , L.M. 1977 . Multidimensional scaling of the molar physical environment . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 12 : 23 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , L.M. and Russell , J.A. 1981 . The psychological representation of molar physical environments . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 121 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D.R. . Rethinking the stimulus in activity clustering research . Paper presented at the SPRE leisure research symposium . Kansas City, MO : NRPA Convention .
   Google Scholar
• Winer , B.J. 1971 . Statistical principles in experimental design , (2nd ed.) , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Witt , P.A. 1971 . Factor structure of leisure behavior for high school age youth in three communities . Journal of Leisure Research , 3 : 213 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt , P.A. and Ellis , G.D. 1985 . “ Conceptualizing leisure: making the abstract concrete ” . In Recreation and leisure: issues in an era of change , rev. ed. , Edited by: Goodale , T. and Witt , P. 105 – 117 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar