Social regularities in outdoor recreation

References

• Blake , J. and Davis , K. 1964 . “ Norms, values, and sanctions ” . In Handbook of modern sociology , Edited by: Faris , R. E. L. 456 – 484 . Chicago : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Biddle , B. J. 1986 . Recent developments in role theory . Annual review of sociology , 12 : 67 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourricaud , F. 1981 . The sociology of Talcott Parsons , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheek , N. H. and Burch , W. R. 1976 . The social organization of leisure in human society , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Cheek , N. H. , Field , D. R. and Burdge , R. J. 1976 . Leisure and recreation places , Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science .
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim , E. 1949 . The division of labor in society , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elster , J. 1989 . The cement of society: A study of social order , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , J. P. 1981 . Norms, deviance, and social control: conceptual matters , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , P. 1983 . Talcott Parsons , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T. A. Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacity . Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium . pp. 67 – 76 . Minneapolis USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC‐28
   Google Scholar
• Heckathorn , D. D. 1988 . Collective sanctions and the creation of prisoner's dilemma norms . American Journal of Sociology , 94 : 535 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , J. P. 1979 . Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology , 2nd ed. , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , J. L. 1987 . Experience preferences of participants in different types of river recreation groups . Journal of Leisure Research , 19 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , J. L. Behavioral conventions as management standards . Paper presented at the Leisure Research Symposium . San Jose, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , J. L. 1993b . Game theory: A basis for analyzing emerging norms and conventions in outdoor recreation . Leisure Sciences , 15 : 37 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , J. L. Behavioral standards for trails across the recreation opportunity spectrum . Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management . Fort Collins, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , J. L. Differences in behavioral conventions: A comparison of US born and Mexican born Hispanics and Anglo Americans . Paper presented at the Symposium on Social Aspects and Recreation Research . San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , A. V. 1990 . The logic of social control , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 1965 . “ Structural characteristics of norms ” . In Current studies in social psychology , Edited by: Steiner , I. D. and Fishbein , M. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 1966 . A conceptual and measurement model of norms and roles . Pacific Sociological Review , : 35 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 1975 . Normative power and conflict potential . Sociological Methods & Research , 4 : 237 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. R. 1983 . Leisure identities and interactions , London : George Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Knack , S. 1992 . Civic norms, social sanctions, and voter turnout . Rationality and Society , 4 : 133 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. Convention: A philosophy study . Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R. E. 1985 . Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis . Journal of Leisure Research , 17 : 75 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , H. P. 1988 . “ Social structure and civil religion: Legitimation crisis in a later Durkheimian perspective ” . In Durkheimian sociology: Cultural studies , Edited by: Alexander , J. C. 129 – 158 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neal , D. M. and Phillips , B. D. 1988 . An examination of emergent norms and emergent social structures in collective behavior situations . Sociological Focus , 21 : 233 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noe , F. P. , Hull , R. B. and Wellman , J. D. 1982 . Normative response and norm activation among ORV users within a seashore monument . Leisure Sciences , 5 : 127 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Opp , K.‐D. 1982 . The evolutionary emergence of norms . British Journal of Social Psychology , 21 : 139 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. 1937 . The structure of social action , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. and Shils , E. A. 1951/1991 . Toward a general theory of action , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. , Bales , R. F. and Shils , E. A. 1953 . Working papers in the theory of action , Glencoe, IL : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. 1951/1991 . The social system , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pate , A. M. and Hamilton , E. E. 1992 . Formal and informal deterrents to domestic violence: The Dade County spouse assault experiment . American Sociological Review , 57 : 691 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , M. E. and Hammitt , W. E. 1990 . Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude . Journal of Leisure Research , 22 : 259 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck , J. W. , Williams , D. R. , Bange , S. P. and Dean , D. J. 1991 . River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 133 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S. H. 1970 . “ Moral decision making and behavior ” . In Altruism and helping behavior: Some psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences , Edited by: Macaulay , J. and Berkowitz , L. 127 – 141 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. 1976 . Social psychological effects of crowding in wilderness: The case of river trips in the Grand Canyon , Boulder : University of Colorado . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. 1981 . Encounter norms in backcountry settings . Journal of Leisure Research , 13 : 129 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Heberlein , T. A. 1986 . Carrying capacity in recreation settings , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Vaske , J. J. 1991 . Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 173 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Vaske , J. J. and Harris , R. 1988 . User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 245 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. H. 1974 . The structure of sociological theory , Homewood, IL : The Dorsey Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , R. H. and Killian , L. M. 1987 . Collective behavior , 3rd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ullman‐Margalit , E. 1977 . The emergence of norms , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J. J. 1977 . The relationship between personal norms, social norms and reported contacts in Brule River visitors’ perception of crowding , Madison : University of Wisconsin . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J. J. , Shelby , B. , Graefe , A. R. and Heberlein , T. A. 1986 . Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 137 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1972 . Webster's seventh new collegiate dictionary , Springfield, MA : G. & C. Merriam .
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker , D. and Shelby , B. 1988 . Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 261 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. , Roggenbuck , J. W. and Bange , S. 1991 . The effect of norm‐encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 154 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrong , D. H. 1961 . The oversocialized conception of man in modern sociology . American Sociological Review , 26 : 183 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar