References
- American College of Sports Medicine . 1995 . Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription , 5th ed. , Media, PA : Williams & Wilkins .
- Alexandris , K. and Carroll , B. 1997 . An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece . Leisure Sciences , 19 : 1 – 15 .
- Andrew , G. M. , Oldridge , N. B. , Parker , J. O. , Cunningham , D. A. , Rechnitzer , P. A. , Jones , N. L. , Buck , C. , Kavanagh , T. J. , Shephard , R. J. , Sutton , J. R. and McDonald , W. 1981 . Reasons for dropout from exercise programs in post‐coronary patients . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 13 : 164 – 168 .
- Boothby , J. , Tungatt , M. F. and Townsend , A. R. 1981 . Ceasing participation in sports activity: Reported reasons and their implications . Journal of Leisure Research , 13 : 1 – 14 .
- Brodkin , P. and Weiss , M. R. 1990 . Developmental differences in motivation for participation in competitive swimming . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 12 : 248 – 263 .
- Cash , T. F. , Novy , P. L. and Grant , J. R. 1994 . Why do women exercise? Factor analysis of the reasons for exercise inventory . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 78 : 539 – 544 .
- Chase , D. and Harada , M. 1984 . Response error in self‐reported recreation participation . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 322 – 329 .
- Clough , P. , Shepherd , J. and Maughan , R. 1989 . Motives for participating in recreational running . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 : 297 – 309 .
- Coalter , F. 1993 . Sports participation: Price or priorities . Leisure Studies , 12 : 171 – 182 .
- Crandall , R. 1980 . Motivators for leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 12 : 45 – 53 .
- Crawford , D. W. , Jackson , E. L. and Godbey , G. 1991 . A hierarchial model of leisure constraints . Leisure Sciences , 13 : 309 – 320 .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1990 . Flow: The psychology of optimal experience , New York : Harper & Row .
- Danielson , R. R. and Wanzel , R. S. 1978 . “ Exercise objectives of fitness program dropouts ” . In Psychology of motor behavior and sport‐1977 , Edited by: Landers , D. M. and Christina , R. W. 310 – 320 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
- Davis , C Fox J. , Brewer , H. and Ratusny , D. 1995 . Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics and gender . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 165 – 174 .
- Dillman , D. A. 1978 . Mail and telephone survey: The total design method , New York : Wiley .
- Dishman , R. K. 1988 . “ Overview ” . In Exercise adherence: Its impact on public health , Edited by: Dishman , R. K. 1 – 9 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
- Driver , B. L. , Tinsley , H. E. A. and Manfredo , M. J. 1991 . “ The paragraphs about leisure and recreation experience preference scales: Results from two inventories designed to assess the breadth of perceived psychological benefits of leisure ” . In Benefits of leisure , Edited by: Driver , B. , Brown , P. J. and Peterson , G. L. 263 – 287 . State College, PA : Venture .
- Duda , J. L. 1988 . The relationship between goal perspective and persistence and intensity among recreational sport participants . Leisure Sciences , 10 : 95 – 106 .
- Duda , J. L. and Tappe , M. K. 1988 . Prediction of personal investment in physical activity among middle‐aged and older adults . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 66 : 543 – 549 .
- Duda , J. L. and Tappe , M. K. 1989a . “ Personal investment in exercise among adults: The examination of age and gender‐related differences in motivational orientation ” . In Aging and motor behavior , Edited by: Ostrow , A. 239 – 256 . Indianapolis, IN : Benchmark Press .
- Duda , J. L. and Tappe , M. K. 1989b . “ Personal investment in exercise among middle‐aged and older adults ” . In Aging and motor behavior , Edited by: Ostrow , A. 219 – 238 . Indianapolis, IN : Benchmark Press .
- Dzewaltowski , D. A. 1989 . Toward a model of exercise motivation . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 11 : 251 – 269 .
- Elliot , E. S. and Dweck , C. S. 1988 . Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 5 – 12 .
- Fitness and Amateur Sport . 1983 . Canada Fitness Survey: Fitness and Lifestyle in Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, , Canada : Author .
- Frederick , C. J. , Havitz , M. E. and Shaw , S. M. 1994 . Social comparison in aerobic exercise classes: Propositions for analyzing motives and participation . Leisure Sciences , 16 : 161 – 176 .
- Gill , D. L. and Deeter , T. E. 1988 . Development of the sport orientation questionnaire . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 59 : 191 – 202 .
- Gill , K. and Overdorf , V. 1994 . Incentives for exercise in younger and older women . Journal of Sport Behavior , 17 : 87 – 97 .
- Godin , G. , Cox , M. H. and Shephard , R. J. 1983 . The impact of physical fitness evaluation on behavioral intention toward regular exercise . Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences , 8 : 240 – 245 .
- Godin , G. , Shephard , R. J. and Colantonio , A. 1986 . The cognitive profile of those who intend to exercise but do not . Public Health Reports , 101 : 521 – 526 .
- Goodale , T. L. and Witt , P. A. 1989 . “ Recreation non‐participation and barriers to leisure ” . In Understanding leisure and recreation: Mapping the past and charting the future , Edited by: Jackson , E. L. and Burton , T.L. 421 – 452 . State College, PA : Venture .
- Henderson , K. , Stalnaker , D. and Taylor , G. 1988 . The relationship between barriers to recreation and gender‐role personality traits for women . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 69 – 80 .
- Hultsman , W. Z. 1993 . Is constrained leisure an internally homogenous concept? An extension . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 : 319 – 334 .
- Hultsman , W. 1995 . Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: An extension of the exploration of dimensionality . Journal of Leisure Research , 27 : 228 – 244 .
- Jackson , E. L. 1988 . Leisure constraints: A survey of past research . Leisure Sciences , 10 : 203 – 215 .
- Jackson , E. L. 1991 . Special issue introduction: Leisure constraints/constrained leisure . Leisure Sciences , 13 : 273 – 278 .
- Jackson , E. L. 1993 . Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: Results from alternative analyses . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 : 129 – 149 .
- Jackson , E. L. and Henderson , K. A. 1995 . Gender‐based analysis of leisure constraints . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 31 – 51 .
- Jackson , E. L. and Rucks , V. C. 1993 . Reasons for ceasing participation and barriers to participation: Further examination of constrained leisure as an internally homogenous concept . Leisure Sciences , 15 : 217 – 230 .
- Kay , T. and Jackson , G. 1991 . Leisure despite constraints: The impact of leisure constraints on leisure participation . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 301 – 313 .
- Kendzierski , D. and Johnson , W. 1993 . Excuses, excuses, excuses: A cognitive behavioral approach to exercise implementation . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 15 : 207 – 219 .
- LaPorte , R. E. , Montoye , H. J. and Caspersen , C. J. 1985 . Assessment of leisure‐time physical activity in epidemiological research: Problems and prospects . Public Health Reports , 100 : 131 – 146 .
- Maehr , M. L. and Braskamp , L. A. 1986 . The motivation factor: A theory of personal investment , Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Magnusson , D. 1966 . Test theory , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- Mobily , K. E. , Lemke , J. H. , Ostiguy , L. J. , Woodard , R.J. , Griffee , T. J. and Pickens , C. C. 1993 . Leisure repertoire in a sample of midvvestern elderly: The case for exercise . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 : 84 – 99 .
- Neulinger , J. 1974 . The psychology of leisure , Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas .
- Raedeke , T. and Burton , D. Exercise goals, perceived barriers, and activity patterns of adult exercisers with differential athletic participation backgrounds . Paper presented at the meeting of the North America Society of Sport and Physical Activity . Kent, OH. June .
- Raedeke , T. and Burton , D. Examining age and gender differences in adult exercise behavior: A personal investment perspective . Paper presented at the meeting of the North America Society of Sport and Physical Activity . Monterey, CA. June .
- Riddle , R. K. 1980 . Attitudes, beliefs, behavioral intentions, and behavior of women and men toward regular jogging . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 51 : 663 – 674 .
- Rudnicki , J. and Wankel , L. M. 1988 . Employee fitness program effects upon long‐term fitness involvement . Fitness in Business , 7 : 123 – 129 .
- Shaw , S. M. , Bonen , A. and McCabe , J. F. 1991 . Do more constraints mean less leisure? Examining the relationship between constraints and participation . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 286 – 300 .
- Taylor , H. L. , Jacobs , D. R. , Schucker , B. , Knudsen , J. , Leon , A. S. and Debacker , G. 1978 . A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities . Journal of Chronic Disease , 31 : 741 – 755 .
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1996 . Physical activity health: A report of the surgeon general , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .
- Wankel , L. M. 1985 . Personal and situational factors affecting exercise involvement: The importance of enjoyment . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 56 : 275 – 282 .
- Wankel , L. M. 1993 . The importance of enjoyment to adherence and the psychological benefits from physical activity . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 24 : 151 – 169 .
- Washburn , R. A. and Montoye , H. J. 1986 . The assessment of leisure‐time physical activity by questionnaire . American Journal of Epidemiology , 123 : 563 – 576 .
- Wright , B. A. and Goodale , T. L. 1991 . Beyond non‐participation: Validation of interest and frequency of participation categories in constraints research . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 : 314 – 331 .