Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay, South China

References

• Alongi, D. M. 2002. Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests. Environmental conservation 29 (3), 331–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, A. H., R. S. Bhalla, A. M. Kerr, N. W. Pelkey, and V. Srinivas. 2009. Do mangroves provide an effective barrier to storm surges? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 106 (40):111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., Beardsley, R.C., Cowles, G., Qi, J., Lai, Z., Gao, G., Stuebe, D., Xu, Q., Xue, P., Ge, J., Ji, R., Hu, S., Tian, R., Huang, H., Wu, L., Lin, H., Sun, Y., Zhao, L., 2013. An unstructured grid, finite-volume community ocean model FVCOM user manual, SMAST/UMASSD Technical Report 13-0701, SMAST, UMassD, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. S., H. D. Liu, and R. C. Beardsley. 2003. An unstructured grid, finite-volume, three-dimensional primitive equations ocean model: application to coastal ocean and estuaries. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 20 (1):159–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsen, F., M. K. Sørensen, M. F. Olwig, V. Selvam, F. Parish, N. D. Burgess, T. Hiraishi, V. M. Karunagaran, M. S. Rasmussen, L. B. Hansen, et al. 2005. The Asian tsunami: A protective role for coastal vegetation. Science 310 (5748):643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S., and J. R. Vincent. 2009. Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll during Indian super cyclone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 106 (18):7357–7360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donato, D. C., J. B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham, and M. Kanninen. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4 (5):293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editorial Board of China Bay Survey. 1999. Survey of China Bays. vol. 10. Beijing: China Ocean Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, J. C. 2015. Vulnerability assessment of mangroves to climate change and sea-level rise impacts. Wetlands Ecology and Management 23 (2):115–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 2003. Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. By Wilkie ML, Fortuna S, Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper No. 63. Forest Resources Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Available via http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/j1533e00.HTM
   Google Scholar
• Gedan, K. B., M. L. Kirwan, E. Wolanski, E. B. Barbier, and B. R. Silliman. 2011. The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: Answering recent challenges to the paradigm. Climatic Change 106 (1):7–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hir, P. L., W. Roberts, O. Cazaillet, M. Christie, P. Bassoullet, and C. Bacher. 2000. Characterization of intertidal flat hydrodynamics. Continental Shelf Research 20 (12):1433–1459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, Y., X. Ding, F. Xu, C. Zhang, and X. Ge. 2017. Topographic mapping on large-scale tidal flats with an iterative approach on the waterline method. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 190 :11–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathiresan, K., and N. Rajendran. 2005. Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65 (3):601–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan, M. L., and J. P. Megonigal. 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise. Nature 504 (7478):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., X. H. Wang, D, Williams, H. Sidhu, and D. Song. 2012. Numerical study of the effects of mangrove areas and tidal flats on tides: A case study of Darwin Harbour, Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117 (C6).
   Google Scholar
• Li, M. S., L. Mao, J. Shen, et al. 2013. Change and fragmentation trends of zhanjiang mangrove forests in southern China using multi-temporal landsat imagery (1977-2010). Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science 130 (1), 111–120.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H., and K. C., Jezek, 2004. Automated extraction of coastline from satellite imagery by integrating Canny edge detection and locally adaptive thresholding methods. International journal of remote sensing 25 (5), 937–958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Z. Gao, J. Ning, X. Yu, and Y. Zhang. 2016. An improved method for mapping tidal flats based on remote sensing waterlines: A case study in the Bohai Rim, China. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9 (11):5123–5129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., M. Li, L. Cheng, F. Li, and K. Chen. 2012. Topographic mapping of offshore sandbank tidal flats using the waterline detection method: A case study on the Dongsha sandbank of Jiangsu radial tidal sand ridges, China. Marine Geodesy 35 (4):362–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotti, G., S. Fagherazzi, P. L. Wiberg, K. J. Mcglathery, L. Carniello, and A. Defina. 2010. Influence of storm surges and sea level on shallow tidal basin erosive processes. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 115:C11012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massel, S. R., K. Furukawa, and R. M. Brinkman. 1999. Surface wave propagation in mangrove forests. Fluid Dynamics Research 24 (4):219–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazda, Y., E. Wolanski, B. King, A. Sase, D. Ohtsuka, and M. Magi, 1997. Drag force due to vegetation in mangrove swamps. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 1 (3):193–199.
   Google Scholar
• Mazda, Y., D. Kobashi, and S. Okada. 2005. Tidal-scale hydrodynamics within mangrove swamps. Wetlands Ecology and Management 13 (6):647–655.
   Google Scholar
• Mcfeeters, S. K. 1996. The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (7):1425–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullarney, J. C., S. M. Henderson, J. A. Reyns, B. K. Norris, and K. R. Bryan. 2017. Spatially varying drag within a wave-exposed mangrove Forest and on the adjacent tidal flat. Continental Shelf Research 147 :102–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsu, N. 1979. A threshold selection method from Gray-Level histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 9 (1):62–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, J. H., J. K. Choi, and Y. K. Lee. 2014. Potential of remote sensing in management of tidal flats: A case study of thematic mapping in the Korean tidal flats. Ocean & Coastal Management 102 :458–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, C. J., J. M. Smoak, A. S. Naidu, D. R. Araripe, L. M. Sanders, and S. R. Patchineelam. 2010. Mangrove Forest sedimentation and its reference to sea level rise, Cananeia, Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences 60 (6):1291–1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swales, A., S. J. Bentley, and C. E. Lovelock. 2015. Mangrove-forest evolution in a sediment-rich estuarine system: Opportunists or agents of geomorphic change? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 40 (12):1672–1687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silinski, A., E. Fransen, T. J. Bouma, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman. 2016. Unravelling the controls of lateral expansion and elevation change of pioneer tidal marshes. Geomorphology 274 :106–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, X. L., and Q. M. Zhang. 1997. Mangrove beaches' accretion rate and effects of relative sea-level rise on mangroves in China. Marine Science Bulletin 16 (4):29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Wolanski, E., M. M. Brinson, D. R. Cahoon, and G. M. Perillo. 2009. Coastal wetlands: a synthesis. Coastal wetlands an integrated ecosystem approach, 1–62.Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Woodroffe, C. D., K. Rogers, K. L. McKee, C. E. Lovelock, I. A. Mendelssohn, and N. Saintilan. 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Annual Review of Marine Science 8(8):243–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, K., H. Liu, Y. Li, H. Xu, J. Shen, J. Rhome, and T. J. Smith. III, 2012. The role of mangroves in attenuating storm surges. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 102 :11–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Z. Guo, X. Dai, and X. Li. 2009. Application of satellite remote sensing to coastal topography generation: case study of Chongming Island in shanghai, China. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 3(1):033572.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Z. S., Y. X. Zhou, X. Z. Jiang, and F. Shen. 2007. Waterline extraction and DEM reconstruction in chongming dongtan. Remote Sensing Technology & Application 22(1):35–38.
   Google Scholar