Transformation of Hematite into Magnetite During Dissimilatory Iron Reduction—Conditions and Mechanisms

REFERENCES

• Arnold , R G , Di Christina , T J and Hoffmann , M R . 1988 . Reductive dissolution of iron(III) oxides by Pseudomonas sp. 200 . Biotechnol Bioeng , 32 : 1081 – 1096 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banfield , J F , Welch , S A , Zhang , H , Ebert , T T and Penn , R L . 2000 . Aggregation-based crystal growth and microstructure development in natural iron oxyhydroxide biomineralization products . Science , 289 : 751 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazylinski , D A and Frankel , R B . 2004 . Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes . Rev Microbiol , 2 : 217 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Behrends , T and Van Cappellen , P . 2005 . Competition between enzymatic and abiotic reduction of uranium(VI) under iron reducing conditions . Chem Geol , 220 : 315 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , P E , Mills , A L and Herman , J S . 1987 . Biogeochemical conditions favoring magnetite formation during anaerobic iron reduction . Appl Environ Microbiol , 53 : 2610 – 2616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner , S G , Hansel , C M , Wielinga , B W , Barber , T M and Fendorf , S . 2002 . Reductive dissolution and biomineralization of iron hydroxide under dynamic flow conditions . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 1705 – 1711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biber , M V , dos Santos Afonso , M and Stumm , W . 1994 . The coordination chemistry of weathering: IV. Inhibition of the dissolution of oxide minerals . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 58 : 1999 – 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonneville , S , Van Cappellen , P and Behrends , T . 2004 . Microbial reduction of iron(III) oxyhydroxides: effects of mineral solubility and availability . Chem Geol , 212 : 255 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno , J , Stumm , W , Wersin , P and Brandberg , F . 1992 . On the influence of carbonate in mineral dissolution: I. The thermodynamics and kinetics of hematite dissolution in bicarbonate solutions at T = 25 °C . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 56 : 1139 – 1147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiChristina , T J and De Long , E F . 1994 . Isolation of anaerobic respiratory mutants of Shewanella putrefaciens and genetic analysis of mutants deficient in anaerobic growth on Fe3 + . J Bacteriol , 176 : 1468 – 1474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbs , M , Hansen , H CB and Olsen , C E . 1999 . Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride using iron(II) iron(III) hydroxide sulfate (green rust) . Environ Sci Technol , 33 : 307 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , T C , Shaff , J E , Grusak , M A , Norvell , W A , Chen , Y , Chaney , R L and Kochian , L V . 1996 . Direct measurement of 59Fe-labeled Fe2 + influx in roots of pea using a chelator buffer system to control free Fe2 + in solution . Plant Physiol , 111 : 93 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , J K , Kota , S , Kukkadapu , R K , Liu , C and Zachara , J M . 2003 . Influence of electron donor/acceptor concentrations on hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) Bioreduction . Biodegradation , 14 : 91 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , J K , Zachara , J M , Kennedy , D W , Dong , H , Onstott , T C , Hinman , N W and Li , S-M . 1998 . Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 62 : 3239 – 3257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasauer , S , Weidler , P G , Langley , S and Beveridge , T J . 2003 . Controls on Fe reduction and mineral formation by a subsurface bacterium . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 67 : 1277 – 1288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grivé , I and Solé , M . 2005 . The linkage between uranium, iron and carbon cycling. Processes at interfaces: Evidences from combined solution chemical and spectroscopic studies , PhD thesis Spain : Technical University of Catalonia .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , J R and Di Christina , T J . 2002 . Effects of Fe(III) chemical speciation on dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansel , C M , Benner , S G , Neiss , J , Dohnalkova , A , Kukkadapu , R K and Fendorf , S . 2003 . Secondary mineralization pathways induced by dissimilatory iron reduction of ferrihydrite under advective flow . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 67 : 2977 – 2992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , H B , Koch , C B , Nancke-Krogh , H , Borggaard , O K and Sorensen , J . 1996 . Abiotic nitrate reduction to ammonium: key role of green rust . Environ Sci Technol , 30 : 2053 – 2056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbie , J E , Daley , R J and Jasper , S . 1977 . Use of nucleopore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy . Appl Environ Microbiol , 33 : 1225 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , C M , Roden , E E , Welch , S A and Beard , B L . 2005 . Experimental constraints on Fe isotope fractionation during magnetite and Fe carbonate formation coupled to dissimilatory hydrous ferric oxide reduction . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 69 : 963 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashefi , K and Lovley , D R . 2003 . Extending the upper temperature limit for life . Science , 301 : 934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liger , E , Charlet , L and Van Cappellen , P . 1999 . Surface catalysis of uranium (VI) reduction by iron(II) . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 63 : 2939 – 2955 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , J R , Sole , V A , Van Praagh , C VG and Lovley , D R . 2000 . Direct and Fe(II)-mediated reduction of technetium by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria . Appl Environ Microbiol , 66 : 3743 – 3749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovley , D R . 1991 . Dissimilatory iron(III) and manganese(IV) reduction . Microbiol Rev , 55 : 259 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovley , D R , Coates , J D , Blunt-Harris , E L , Phillips , E JP and Woodward , J C . 1996 . Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration . Nature , 382 : 445 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovley , D R , Stolz , J F , Nord , G L Jr. and Phillips , E JP . 1987 . Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism . Nature , 330 : 252 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyaux-Lawniczak , S , Refait , P , Ehrhardt , J-J , Lecomte , P and Genin , J-MR . 2000 . Trapping of Cr by formation of ferrihydrite during the reduction of chromate ions by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxysalt green rusts . Environ Sci Technol , 34 : 438 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazo-Zuluaga , J , Barrero , C A , Diaz-Teran , J and Jerez , A . 2003 . Thermally induced magnetite-hematite transformation . Hyperfine Interactions , 148 : 153 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• McCormick , M L , Bouwer , E J and Adriaens , P . 2002 . Carbon tetrachloride transformation in a model iron-reducing culture: relative kinetics of biotic and abiotic reactions . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 403 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , M L , Kim , H S , Bouwer , E J and Adriaens , P . 1998 . Abiotic transformation of chlorinated solvents as a consequence of microbial iron reduction: an investigation of the role of biogenic magnetite in mediating reductive dechlorination . Hazard Ind Wastes , 30 : 339 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , B M , Frankel , R B , Bazylinski , D A , Jannasch , H W and Lovley , D R . 1989 . A comparison of magnetite particles produced anaerobically by magnetotactic and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria . Geophys Res Lett , 16 : 665 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullender , T AT , Van Velzen , A J and Dekkers , M J . 1993 . Continuous drift correction and separate identification of ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions in thermomagnetic runs . Geophys J Int , 114 : 663 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakata , K , Nagasaki , S , Tanaka , S , Sakamoto , Y , Tanaka , T and Ogawa , H . 2004 . Reduction rate of neptunium(V) in heterogeneous solution with magnetite . Radiochim Acta , 92 : 145 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obuekwe , C O , Westlake , D WS and Cook , F D . 1981 . Effect of nitrate on reduction of ferric iron by a bacterium isolated from crude oil . Can J Microbiol , 27 : 692 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Loughlin , E J , Kelly , S D , Cook , R E , Csencsits , R and Kemner , K M . 2003a . Reduction of uranium(VI) by mixed iron(II)/iron(III) hydroxide (green rust): formation of UO2 nanoparticles . Environ Sci Technol , 37 : 721 – 727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Loughlin , E J , Kelly , S D , Kemner , K M , Csencsits , R and Cook , R E . 2003b . Reduction of AgI, AuIII, CuII, and HgII by FeII/FeIII hydroxysulfate green rust . Chemosphere , 53 : 437 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ona-Nguema , G , Abdelmoula , M , Jorand , F , Benali , O , Gehin , A , Block , J-C and Genin , J-MR . 2002 . Iron(II,III) hydroxycarbonate green rust formation and stabilization from lepidocrocite bioreduction . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 16 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refait , P , Simon , L and Genin , J-MR . 2000 . Reduction of SeO42-anions and anoxic formation of iron(II)-iron(III) hydroxy-selenate green rust . Environ Sci Technol , 34 : 819 – 825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roden , E E and Urrutia , M M . 2002 . Influence of biogenic Fe(II) on bacterial crystalline Fe(III) oxide reduction . Geomicrobiol J , 19 : 209 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh , Y , Zhang , C L , Vali , H , Lauf , R J , Zhou , J and Phelps , T J . 2003 . Biogeochemical and environmental factors in Fe biomineralization: Magnetite and siderite formation . Clays Clay Minerals , 51 : 83 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidhu , P S , Gilkes , R J , Cornell , R M , Posner , A M and Quirk , J P . 1981 . Dissolution of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in hydrochloric and perchloric acids . Clays Clay Minerals , 29 : 269 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , H CW and Jahren , A H . 2005 . “ Biomineralization ” . In Biogeochemistry. Treatise on Geochemistry Vol. 8 , Edited by: Schlesinger , W H . 117 – 184 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , N HC , Mann , S , Bazylinski , D A , Lovley , D R , Jannasch , H W and Frankel , R B . 1990 . Structure and morphology of magnetite anaerobically-produced by a marine magnetotactic bacterium and a dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium . EPSL , 98 : 14 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steefel , C I and Van Cappellen , P . 1990 . A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 54 : 2657 – 2677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolz , J F , Lovley , D R and Haggerty , S E . 1990 . Biogenic magnetite and the magnetization of sediments . J Geophys Res , 59 : 4355 – 4361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stookey , L L . 1970 . Ferrozine—a new spectrophotometic reagent for iron . Anal Chem , 42 : 779 – 781 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm , W , Wehrli , B and Wieland , E . 1987 . Surface complexation and its impact on geochemical kinetics . Croat Chem Acta , 60 : 429 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamaura , Y , Ito , K and Katsura , T . 1983 . Transformation of γ -FeO(OH) to magnetite by adsorption of iron(II) ion on γ -FeO(OH) . J Chem Soc Dalton Trans , 1 : 189 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Vali , H , Weiss , B , Li , Y-L , Sears , S K , Kim , S S , Kirschvink , J L and Zhang , C L . 2004 . Formation of tabular single-domain magnetite induced by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 . PNAS , 101 : 16121 – 16126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Geen , A , Robertson , A P and Leckie , J O . 1994 . Complexation of carbonate species at the goethite surface: implications for adsorption of metal ions in natural waters . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 58 : 2073 – 2086 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vile , G F and Winterbourn , C C . 1988 . Microsomal reduction of low-molecular-weight iron(3+) chelates and ferritin: enhancement by adriamycin, paraquat, menadione, and anthraquinone 2-sulfonate and inhibition by oxygen . Arch Biochem Biophys , 267 : 606 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viollier , E , Inglett , P W , Hunter , K , Roychoudhury , A N and Van Cappellen , P . 2000 . The ferrozine method revisited: Fe(II)/Fe(III) determination in natural waters . Appl Geochem , 15 : 785 – 790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade , R and Di Christina , T J . 2000 . Isolation of U(VI) reduction-deficient mutants of Shewanella putrefaciens . FEMS Microbiol Lett , 184 : 143 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , Y , Takemura , S , Kashiwaya , Y and Ishii , K . 1996 . Reduction of hematite to magnetite induced by hydrogen ion implantation . J Physics D: Appl Phys , 29 : 8 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinbauer , M G , Beckmann , C and Hofle , M G . 1988 . Utility of green fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide membrane filters for rapid epifluorescence, enumeration of soil and sediment bacteria . Appl Environ Microbiol , 64 : 5000 – 5003 .
   Google Scholar
• Zachara , J M , Kukkadapu , R K , Fredrickson , J K , Gorby , Y A and Smith , S C . 2002 . Biomineralization of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxides by dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) . Geomicrobiol J , 19 : 179 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegeye , A , Ona-Nguema , G , Carteret , C , Huguet , L , Abdelmoula , M and Jorand , F . 2005 . Formation of Hydroxysulphate Green Rust 2 as a Single Iron(II-III) Mineral in Microbial Culture . Geomicrobiol J , 22 : 389 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , C , Liu , S , Phelps , T J , Cole , D R , Horita , J , Fortier , S M , Elless , M and Valley , J W . 1997 . Physiochemical, mineralogical, and isotopic characterization of magnetite-rich iron oxides formed by thermophilic iron-reducing bacteria . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 61 : 4621 – 4632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar