The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in the Silicification of Calothrix: Evidence from Microbial Mat Communities in Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park, USA

REFERENCES

• Benning , L G , Phoenix , V and Mountain , B W . 2005 . “ Biosilicification: the role of cyanobacteria in silica sinter deposition ” . In SGM symposium 65: Micro-organisms and Earth systems—advances in geomicrobiology , Edited by: Gadd , G M , Semple , K T and Lamppin-Scott , H M . 131 – 150 . Staffordshire, , England : Cambridge University Press, Keele University .
   Google Scholar
• Benning , L G , Phoenix , V R , Yee , N and Konhauser , K O . 2004b . The dynamics of cyanobacterial silicification: an infrared micro-spectroscopic investigation . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 68 : 743 – 757 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benning , L G , Phoenix , V R , Yee , N and Tobin , M J . 2004a . Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial silicification using synchrotron infrared micro-spectroscopy . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 68 : 729 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , DR. 2001 . Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Braunstein , D G and Lowe , D R . 2001 . Relationship between spring and geyser activity and the deposition and Morphology of high temperature (>73°C) siliceaus sinter, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA . J. Sediment Res , 71 : 747 – 763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady , SL. 2001 . “ Paleobiology of the Archean ” . In Archaea: Ancient Microbes, Extreme Environments, and the Origin of Life Edited by: Blum , P . 3 – 35 . Waltham, MA: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Cady , SL. 2002 . “ Formation and preservation of bona fide microfossils ” . In Signs of Life: A Report Based on the April, 2000, Workshop on Life-Detection Techniques, The National Academies Space Studies Board and Boardon Life Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press 177 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Cady , S L and Farmer , J D . 1996 . “ Fossilization processes in siliceous thermal springs: trends in preservation along thermal gradients ” . In Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 202, Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?) , Edited by: Bock , G R and Goode , J A . 150 – 173 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , K A , Sannazzaro , K , Rodgers , K A , Kerdianita , N R and Browne , P RL . 2001 . Sedimentary facies and mineralogy of the late Pleistocene Umukuri silica sinter, Taupo volcanic zone, New, Zealand . J Sediment Res , 71 : 728 – 747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton , J W , Cheng , K J , Geesey , G G , Ladd , T I , Nickel , J C , Dasgupta , M and Marrie , T J . 1987 . Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease . Ann Rev Microbiol , 41 : 435 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton , J W , Irvin , R T and Cheng , K J . 1981 . The bacterial Glycocalyx in nature and disease . Annual Rev Microbiol , 35 : 299 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , J G and Castenholz , R W . 1999 . Scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment, protects against UVC radiation: Implications for early photosynthetic life . J Phycol , 35 : 673 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , J G and Castenholz , R W . 2003 . The synthesis of the UV-screening pigment, scytonemin, and photosynthetic performance in isolates from closely related natural populations of cyanobacteria (Calothrix sp.) . Environ Microbiol , 5 : 484 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dove , PM. 1994 . The dissolution kinetics of quartz in sodium chloride solutions at 25° to 300°C . Amer J Sci , 294 : 665 – 712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudman , WF. 1977 . “ The role of surface polysaccharides in natural environments ” . In Surface carbohydrates of the prokaryotic cell , Edited by: Sutherland , IW . 357 – 414 . London, , England : Academic Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , F G and Magalhaes , E . 2008 . Interfacial energetics of bacterial silicification . Geomicrobiol J , 25 : 333 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris , F G , Schultze , S , Witten , T C , Fyfe , W S and Beveridge , T J . 1989 . Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments . Appl Environ Microbiol , 55 : 1249 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C and Wingender , J . 2001 . Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) – Part I: Structural and ecological aspects . Water Sci Technol , 43 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel , F and Castenholz , R W . 1993 . Occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like compounds among Cyanobacterial isolates and an estimate of their screening capacity . Appl Environ Microbiol , 59 : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinman , N S and Walter , M R . 2005 . Textural preservation in siliceous hot spring deposits during early diagenesis: Examples from Yellowstone National Park and Nevada, U.S.A. . J Sediment Res , 75 : 200 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoiczyk , E. 1998 . Structural and biochemical analysis of the sheath of Phormidium uncinatum . J Bacteriol , 180 : 3923 – 3932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icopini , G A , Brantley , S L and Heaney , P J . 2005 . Kinetics of silica oligomerization and nanocolloid formation as a function of pH and ionic strength at 25°C . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 69 : 293 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iler , R. 1979 . “ The Chemistry of Silica: solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties, and biochemistry ” . In The Chemistry of Silica: solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties, and biochemistry. , 866 New York, NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Iler , RK. 1980a . Isolation and characterization of particle nuclei during the polymerization of silicic acid to colloidal silica . J Coll Interf Sci , 75 : 138 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iler , RK. 1980b . “ A modified molybdenum blue method for silica ” . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B , Renault , R W and Rosen , M R . 2001 . Taphonomy of silicified filamentous microbes in modern geothermal sinters-implications for identification . Palaios , 16 : 580 – 592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , B , Renaut , R W and Rosen , M R . 2003 . Silicified microbes in a geyser mound: The enigma of low-temperature Cyanobacteria in a high-temperature setting . Palaios , 18 : 87 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsikogianni , M and Missirlis , Y F . 2004 . Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterials and of techniques used in estimating bacteriamaterial interactions . Euro Cells Mater , 8 : 37 – 57 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konhauser , K O , Jones , B , Reysenbach , A and Renaut , R W . 2003 . Hot spring sinters: keys to understanding Earth's earliest life forms . Can J Earth Sci , 40 : 1713 – 1724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konhauser , K O , Phoenix , V R , Bottrell , S H , Adams , D G and Head , I M . 2001 . Microbial-silica interactions in Icelandic hot spring water: Possible analogues for some Precambrian siliceous stromatolites . Sedimentology , 48 : 415 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasaga , AC. 1995 . “ Fundamental approaches in describing mineral dissolution and precipitation rates ” . In Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals , 23 – 86 . Mineralogical Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Laspidou , C S and Rittmann , B E . 2002 . A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass . Water Res , 36 : 2711 – 2720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , M Y , Lindsay , H M , Weitz , D A , Ball , R C , Klein , R and Meakin , P . 1990 . Universal reaction-limited colloid aggregation . Phys Rev A , 41 : 2005 – 2020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makrides , A C , Turner , M and Slaughter , J . 1980 . Condensation of silica from supersaturated silicic acid solutions . J Coll Interf Sci , 73 : 345 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meakin , P. 1983 . Formation of fractal clusters and networks by irreversible diffusion-limited aggregation . Phys Rev Lett , 51 : 1119 – 1122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , V R , Adams , D G and Konhauser , K O . 2000 . Cyanobacterial viability during hydrothermal biomineralization . Chem Geol , 169 : 329 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , V R , Bennett , P C , Engel , A S , Tyler , S W and Ferris , F G . 2006 . Chilean high-altitude hot-spring sinters: a model system for UV screening mechanisms by early Precambrian cyanobacteria . Geobiology , 4 : 15 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , V R and Konhauser , K O . 2008 . Benefits of bacterial biomineralization . Geobiology , 6 : 303 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , V R , Konhauser , K O , Adams , D G and Bottrell , S H . 2001 . Role of biomineralization as an ultraviolet shield: Implications for Archean life . Geology , 29 : 823 – 826 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , V R , Martinez , R E , Konhauser , K O and Ferris , F G . 2002 . Characterization and implications of the cell surface reactivity of Calothrix sp. Strain KC97 . Appl Environ Microbiol , 68 : 4827 – 4834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimstidt , J D and Barnes , H L . 1980 . The kinetics of silica-water reactions . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 44 : 1683 – 1699 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , IW. 2001 . Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework . Microbiology , 147 : 3 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , MR. 1972 . A Hot spring analog for the depositional environment of Precambrian iron formations of the Lake Superior region . Econ Geol , 67 : 965 – 980 . Scientific Communications
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , MR. 1976 . “ Hot-spring sediments in Yellowstone National Park ” . In Stromatolites , Edited by: Walter , M R . 489 – 498 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , M R , Des Marais , D J , Farmer , J D and Hinman , N W . 1996 . Lithofacies and biofacies of Mid-Paleozoic thermal spring deposits in the Drummond Basin, Queensland, Australia . Palaios , 11 : 497 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , C C , Margulis , L and Barghoorn , E S . 1977 . On the experimental silicification of microorganisms I. Microbial growth on organosilicon compounds . Precambr Res , 5 : 241 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weckesser , J , Hofmann , K , Jurgens , U J , Whitton , B A and Raffelsberger , B . 1988 . Isolation and chemical analysis of the sheaths of the filamentous cyanobacteria Calothrix parietina and C. scopulorum . J Gen Microbiol , 134 : 629 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• Westall , F , Boni , L and Guerzoni , E . 1995 . The experimental silicification of microorganisms . Palaeontology , 38 : 495 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witten , T A and Sander , L M . 1981 . Diffusion-limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon . Phys Rev Lett , 47 : 1400 – 1403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee , N , Phoenix , V R , Konhauser , K O , Benning , L G and Ferris , F G . 2003 . The effect of cyanobacteria on silica precipitation at neutral pH: Implications for bacterial silicification in geothermal hot springs . Chem Geol , 199 : 83 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar