130
Views
186
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Photolithotropic and chemoorganotrophic activity of bacteria and algae as related to beachrock formation and degradation (gulf of Aqaba, Sinai)

Pages 139-203 | Published online: 28 Jan 2009

References

  • Agassiz , A. 1895 . The elevated reef of Florida. With notes on the geology of southern Florida by L. S. Griswold . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 28 : 29 – 62 .
  • Agassiz , A. 1898 . A visit to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia in the steamer “Croydon,”; during April and May, 1896 . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 28 : 95 – 148 .
  • Agassiz , A. 1903a . The coral reefs of the tropical Pacific . Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 28 : 1 – 410 .
  • Agassiz , A. 1903b . The coral reefs of the Maldives . Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 29 : 1 – 168 .
  • Alexandersson , T. 1969 . Recent littoral and sublittoral high magnesium calcite lithification in the Mediterranean . Sedimentology , 12 : 47 – 61 .
  • Alexandersson , T. 1972a . Micritization of carbonate particles: Processes of precipitation and dissolution in modern shallow marine sediments . Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, N.S. , 3 : 201 – 236 .
  • Alexandersson , T. 1972b . Intergranular growth of marine aragonite and Mg calcite: Evidence of precipitation from supersaturated seawater . J. Sed. Petrol. , 42 : 441 – 460 .
  • Allen , R. C. , Gavish , E. , Friedman , G. M. and Sanders , J. E. 1969 . Aragonite cemented sandstone from outer continental shelf off Delaware Bay: Submarine lithification mechanisms yield products resembling beach‐rock . J. Sed. Petrol. , 39 : 136 – 149 .
  • Baier , C. R. 1937 . Die Bedeutung der Bakterien für den Kalktransport in Gewässern . Geol. Meere Binnengewässer , 1 : 75 – 105 .
  • Bathurst , R. G. C. 1966 . Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites . Geol. J. , 5 : 15 – 32 .
  • Bathurst , R. G. C. 1967 . Depth indicators in sedimentary carbonates . Mar. Geol. , 5 : 447 – 471 .
  • Bathurst , R. G. C. . Grapestone and submarine cementation, Berry Islands, Bahamas . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 6 Abstr.,
  • Bathurst , R. G. C. 1975 . Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis, , 2nd ed. , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Bavendamm , W. 1932 . Die mikrobiologische Kalkfällung in der tropischen See . Arch. Mikrobiol. , 3 : 205 – 276 .
  • Berner , R. A. 1965 . Activity coefficients of bicarbonate, carbonate and calcium ions in seawater . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 29 : 947 – 966 .
  • Berner , R. A. 1968 . Calcium carbonate concretions formed by decomposition of organic matter . Science , 159 : 195 – 197 .
  • Berner , R. A. 1969a . Bacterial processes affecting the precipitation of calcium carbonate in sediments . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 183 – 187 .
  • Berner , R. A. 1969b . Chemical changes affecting dissolved calcium duringthe bacterial decomposition of fish and clams in seawater . Mar. Geol. , 7 : 253 – 274 .
  • Berner , R. A. 1971 . Principles of chemical sedimentology , 240 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Beyers , R. J. 1963 . A characteristical diurnal metabolic pattern in balanced microcosms . Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas , 9 : 19 – 27 .
  • Beyers , R. J. , Larimer , J. L. , Odum , H. T. , Parger , R. B. and Armstrong , N. E. 1963 . Directions for the determination of changes in carbon dioxide concentration from changes in pH . Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas , 9 : 454 – 489 .
  • Blanc , J. J. and Molinier , R. 1955 . Les formations organogènes construites superficielles en Méditerranée occidentale . Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. , 52 (1067) : 1 – 26 .
  • Blinks , R. L. 1955 . Photosynthesis and productivity of littoral marine algae . J. Mar. Res. , 14 : 363 – 373 .
  • Bloch , J. P. and Trichet , J. 1966 . Un exemple de grès de plage (Côte Ligure italienne) . Mar. Geol. , 4 : 373 – 377 .
  • Boquet , E. , Boronat , A. and Ramos‐Cormenzana , A. 1973 . Production of calcite (calcium calcite) crystals by soil bacteria is a general phenomenon . Nature , 246 : 527 – 528 .
  • Branner , J. C. 1904 . The stone reefs of Brazil, their geological and geographical relations, with a chapter on the coral reefs . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 44 : 1 – 285 .
  • Bricker , O. P. , ed. 1971 . Carbonate cements , 376 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Brock , T. D. and Brock , M. L. 1967 . The measurements of chlorophyll, primary productivity, photophosphorylation, and macromolecules in benthic alga mats . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 12 : 600 – 605 .
  • Brock , T. D. and Brock , M. L. 1969 . Effect of light intensity on photosynthesis by thermal algae adapted to natural and reduced sunlight . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 14 : 334 – 341 .
  • Buck , J. D. and Greenfield , L. J. 1964 . Calcification in marine occurring yeasts . Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. , 14 : 239 – 245 .
  • Callame , B. and Dupuis , J. 1972 . Sur la précipitation d'aragonite à partir des eaux interstitielles des sols littoraux et des formations sableuses intertidales de la Pointe d'Arcay (Vendée) . C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. D. , 274 : 675 – 677 .
  • Chapman , V. J. 1946 . Algal zonation in the West Indies . Ecology , 27 : 91 – 93 .
  • Chave , K. E. and Suess , E. 1970 . Calcium carbonate saturation in sea‐water: effects of dissolved organic matter . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 15 : 633 – 637 .
  • Cloud , P. E. 1952 . Preliminary report on geology and marine environments on Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands . Atoll Res. Bull. , : 1 – 73 .
  • Cloud , P. E. 1962 . Environment of calcium carbonate deposition west of Andros Island, Bahamas . U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. , 350 : 1 – 138 .
  • Cloud , P. E. 1965 . “ Carbonate precipitation and dissolution in the marine environment ” . In Chemical oceanography , Edited by: Riley , J. P. and Skirrow , G. Vol. 2 , 127 – 137 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Daly , R. A. 1919 . “ Origin of beach rock ” . In Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook Vol. 18 , 192
  • Daly , R. A. 1924 . The geology of American Samoa . Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pap. Mar. Biol. Lab. Tortugas , 19 : 95 – 143 .
  • Darwin , C. 1841 . On a remarkable bar of sandstone off Pernambuco on the coast of Brazil . Lond. Edinburgh Dublin Phil. Mag. J. Sci. , 19 : 257 – 261 .
  • Davis , P. J. and Kinsey , D. W. 1973 . Organic and inorganic factors in recent beachrock formation, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef . J. Sed. Petrol. , 43 : 59 – 81 .
  • Emery , K. O. 1963 . “ Sediments of Gulf of Aqaba (Elat) ” . In Papers in marine geology , Edited by: Miller , R. L. 257 – 273 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Emery , K. O. and Cox , D. C. 1956 . Beach rock in the Hawaiian Islands . Pacific Sci. , 10 : 382 – 402 .
  • Emery , K.O. and Foster , J. F. 1948 . Water tables in marine beaches . J. Mar. Res. , 7 : 644 – 654 .
  • Emery , K. O. and Neev , D. 1960 . Mediterranean beaches of Israel . Isr. Geol. Surv. Bull. , 26 : 1 – 13 .
  • Fenchel , T. 1969 . The ecology of marine microbenthos. IV. Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special reference to the ciliate protozoa . Ophelia , 6 : 1 – 182 .
  • Field , R. M. 1919 . “ Calcium carbonate oozes at Tortugas and the beach‐rock at Loggerhead keys ” . In Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook Vol. 18 , 197 – 198 .
  • Fishelson , L. 1971 . Ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the Red Sea . Mar. Biol. , 10 : 113 – 133 .
  • Fogg , G. E. 1971 . Extracellular products of algae in fresh‐water . Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Limnol. , 5 : 1 – 25 .
  • Friedman , G. M. 1968 . Geology and geochemistry of reefs, carbonate sediments, and waters, Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), Red Sea . J. Sed. Petrol. , 28 : 895 – 919 .
  • Friedman , G. M. , Amiel , A. J. , Braun , M. and Miller , D. S. 1973 . Generation of carbonate particles and laminites in algal mats example from sea‐marginal pool, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea . Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. , 57 : 541 – 557 .
  • Friedman , G. M. and Gavish , E. 1969 . Mediterranean and Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba) beachrock . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 7 – 11 .
  • Friedman , G. M. , Sanders , J. E. , Gavish , E. and Allen , R. C. 1969a . Marine lithification mechanism yields rock resembling beachrock . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 27 – 30 .
  • Friedman , G. M. , Schneidermann , N. and Gevirtz , J. L. 1969b . Indurated hard calcium carbonate layers at the bottom of the Red Sea . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 84 – 87 .
  • Gardiner , J. S. 1903 . The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive archeipelagoes , vol. 1 , 341 – 346 . London : Cambridge University Press .
  • Garrison , N. E. , Lutenauer , J. L. , Grill , E. V. , Macdonald , R. D. and Murray , J. W. 1969 . Early diagenetic cementation of recent sands, Frazer River Delta, British Columbia . Sedimentology , 12 : 27 – 46 .
  • Gavish , E. . Stages of cementation in beach rock of variable grain texture and composition . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 33 Abstr.,
  • Gebelein , C. D. 1969 . Distribution, morphology and accretion rate of recent subtidal algal stromatolites, Bermuda . J. Sed. Petrol. , 39 : 49 – 69 .
  • Gebelein , C. D. 1970 . Distribution, morphology and accretion rate of recent subtidal algal stromatolites, Bermuda: reply to comment by Sharp . J. Sed. Petrol. , 40 : 522
  • Ginsburg , R. N. 1953 . Beach rock in south Florida . J. Sed. Petrol. , 23 : 85 – 92 .
  • Ginsburg , R. N. , Lloyd , R. M. , Stockman , K. W. and McCallum , J. S. 1963 . “ Shallow water carbonate sediments ” . In The sea, Vol. Ill: Earth beneath the sea , Edited by: Hill , M. N. 554 – 582 . New York : Interscience .
  • Ginsburg , R. N. , Marszalek , D. S. and Schneidermann , N. 1971 . Ultrastructure of carbonate cements in a Holocene algal reef of Bermuda . J. Sed. Petrol. , 41 : 472 – 482 .
  • Ginsburg , R. N. and Schroeder , J. H. . Early diagenesis of living algal and coral reefs, Bermuda . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 35 Abstr.,
  • Golubic , S. 1973 . “ The relationship between blue‐green algae and carbonate deposits ” . In The biology of blue‐green algae , Edited by: Carr , N. and Whitton , B. A. 434 – 472 . Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Goudie , A. 1969 . A note on Mediterranean beachrock: its history . Atoll Res. Bull. , 5 : 11 – 14 . 120 – 126 .
  • Greenfield , L. H. 1963 . Metabolism and concentration of Ca and Mg and precipitation of CaCO3 by a marine bacterium . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. , 109 : 23 – 45 .
  • Guilcher , A. 1961 . Le “Beach Rock”; ou grès de plage . Ann. Geograph. , 70 : 113 – 125 .
  • Guilcher , A. L. , Berthois , R. Battistini and Vourmanoir , P. 1958 . Les récifs coralliens des îles Radama et de la Baia Remanetaka sédimentologique . Mem. Inst. Rech. Sei. Madagascar, Ser. F. Oceanogr. , 2 : 117 – 199 .
  • Gunkel , W. 1970 . “ Light, bacteria, fungi and blue‐green algae ” . In Marine ecology , Edited by: Kinne , O. Vol. 1 , 103 – 124 . London : Wiley . Part 1.
  • Hartmann , M. P. , Müller , E. Suess and Weijden , C. H. van der . 1973 . Oxidation of organic matter in recent marine sediments . Meteor For‐schungsergb. Reihe C Geol. , 12 : 74 – 86 .
  • Ingram , L. O. , Baalen , C. van and Calder , J. A. 1973 . Role of reduced exogenous organic compounds in the physiology of the blue‐green bacteria (Algae), photoheterotropic growth of an “autotrophic”; blue‐green bacterium . J. Bacteriol. , 114 : 701 – 705 .
  • Kaye , C. A. 1959 . Shoreline featured and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico , U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 317‐B:49–140
  • Kendall , C. G. St. C. and Skipwith , P. A. d'E. 1968 . Recent algal mats of a Persian Gulf lagoon . J. Sed. Petrol. , 38 : 1040 – 1058 .
  • Krauss , R. W. and Galloway , R. A. 1960 . The role of algae in the formation of beachrock in certain islands of the Carribbean , Coastal Studies Inst. Tech. Rep. 11 E
  • Krumbein , W. E. 1968 . “ Geomicrobiology and geochemistry of the “Nari‐lime‐crusts”; (Israel) ” . In Recent developments in carbonate sedimentology in Central Europe , Edited by: Friedman , G. M. and Müller , G. 137 – 147 . 355 Berlin : Springer .
  • Krumbein , W. E. 1969 . Uber den Einfluss der Mikroflora auf die exogene Dynamik (Verwitterung und Krustenbildung) . Geol. Rdsch. , 58 : 333 – 363 .
  • Krumbein , W. E. 1971 . Sediment microbiology and grain‐size distribution, as related to tidal movement, during the first mission of the West German Underwater Laboratory “Helgoland.” . Mar. Biol. , 10 : 101 – 112 .
  • Krumbein , W. E. 1973 . “ Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Fällung von Kalziumkarbonat aus Meerwasser ” . In Jahresber Edited by: Helgoland , Biologische Anstalt . 50 – 54 . Hamburg
  • Krumbein , W. E. 1974 . On the precipitation of aragonite on the surface of marine bacteria . Naturwissenschaften , 61 : 167
  • Krumbein , W. E. and Cohen , Y. 1974 . Biogene, klastische und evaporitische Sedimentation in einem mesothermen, monomiktischen ufernahen See (Golf von Aqaba) . Geol. Rdsch. , 66 : 1035 – 1065 .
  • Krumbein , W. E. and Cohen , Y. 1977 . “ Primary production, mat formation and lithification chances of oxygenic and facultative anoxygenic cyanophytes (cyanobacteria) ” . In Fossil algae, recent results and developments , Edited by: Flügel , E. 37 – 56 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Krumbein , W. E. , Cohen , Y. and Shilo , M. 1977 . Solar Lake (Sinai). 4. Stromatolitic cyanobacterial mats . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 22 : 635 – 656 .
  • Krumbein , W. E. and Gavish , E. . Physico‐chemical and biological parameters in beachrock‐systems of the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel) . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 54 Abstr.,
  • Lalou , C. 1954 . Sur un méchanisme bactérien possible dans la formation des dépôts de carbonates dépourvus d'organismes . C. R. Somm. Séances Soc. Geol. Fr. , 29 : 369 – 371 .
  • Lalou , C. 1957 . Studies on bacterial precipitation of carbonates in seawater . J. Sed. Petrol. , 27 : 190 – 197 .
  • Land , L. S. 1969 . Submarine lithification of Jamaican reefs . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 35 – 38 .
  • Logan , B. W. , Davis , G. R. , Read , J. F. and Cebulski , D. E. 1970 . Carbonate sedimentation and environments, Shark Bay, Western Australia . Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. , 13 : 1 – 223 .
  • Loreau , J.‐P. Contribution à l'étude des calcarénites hétérogènes par l'emploi simultane de la microscopie électronique à balayage. Problème particulier de la micritisation . J. Microsc. (Paris) , 9 727 – 734 .
  • Loreau , J.‐P. . Ultrastructure, nucleation and crystal growth of natural and experimental produced aragonite in relation to non‐skeletal organic matter . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 60 Abstr.,
  • Lowenstam , H. A. and Epstein , S. 1957 . On the origin of sedimentary aragonite needles of the Great Bahama Bank . J. Geol. , 65 : 364 – 375 .
  • Mabesoone , J. B. 1964 . Origin and age of the sandstone reefs of Pern‐ambuco (northeastern Brazil) . J. Sed. Petrol. , 34 : 715 – 726 .
  • MacIntyre , I. G. and Milliman , J. D. 1969 . Limestone from the outer shelf and upper slope continental margin, southeastern . U.S. Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 72 – 78 .
  • Maclntyre , I. G. , Mountjoy , E. W. and d'Anglejean , B. G. F. 1969 . Submarine cementation of carbonate sediments off the west coast of Barbados . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 61 – 64 .
  • Mayer , A. G. 1918 . Ecology of the Murray Island coral reef beach‐rock . Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pap. Mar. Biol. Lab. Tortugas , 9 : 1 – 48 .
  • McCallum , M. F. 1970 . Aerobic bacterial flora of the Bahama Bank . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 33 : 533 – 542 .
  • McCallum , M. F. and Guhathakurta , K. 1970 . The precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater by bacteria isolated from Bahama Bank sediments . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 33 : 649 – 655 .
  • McCunn , H. J. 1972 . Calcite and aragonite phenomena precipitated by organic decay in high lime concentrate brines . J. Sed. Petrol. , 42 : 150 – 154 .
  • McLean , R. F. 1967 . Origin and development of ridge‐furrow systems in beachrock in Barbados, West Indies . Mar. Geol. , 5 : 181 – 193 .
  • Milliman , J. D. 1969 . Examples of lithification in the deep sea . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 65 – 71 .
  • Milliman , J. D. 1974 . Marine carbonates , Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Mitterer , R. M. 1972 . “ Calcified proteins in the sedimentary environment ” . In Advances in organic geochemistry , Edited by: Gärtner , H. R. V. and Wehner , H. 441 – 452 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Monty , C. L. V. 1965 . Recent algal stromatolites in the windward lagoon, Andros Island, Bahamas . Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. , 88 : 269 – 276 .
  • Monty , C. L. V. 1967 . Distribution and structure of recent stromatolitic algal mats, eastern Andros Islands, Bahamas . Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. , 90 : 55 – 99 .
  • Moore , C. H. Jr. 1969 . Beach rock cements, Grand Cayman Island, B. W. I. . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 3 – 6 .
  • Moore , C. H. and Billings , G. K. 1969 . Preliminary model of beachrock cementation, Grand Cayman Island, B. W. I. . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 24 – 26 .
  • Müller , G. and Blaschke , R. 1969 . Zur Entstehung des Tiefsee‐Kalkschlammes im Schwarzen Meer . Naturwissenschaften , 56 : 561 – 562 .
  • Multer , H. G. 1969 . Holocene cementation of skeletal grains into beach‐rock, Dry Tortugas, Florida . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 12 – 13 .
  • Multer , H. G. and Hoffmeister , J. E. 1968 . Subaerial laminated crusts of the Florida keys . Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. , 79 : 183 – 192 .
  • Nesteroff , W. 1954 . Sur la formation des grès de plage ou “beachrock”; en Mer Rouge . C. R. Acad. Sci. , 283 : 2547 – 2548 .
  • Nesteroff , W. D. 1956 . La substratum organique dans les depôts calcaires et sa significance . Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. Ser. G , 6 : 381 – 390 .
  • Neumann , A. C. , Gebelein , C. D. and Scoffin , T. P. 1970 . The composition, structure and erodibility of subtidal mats, Abaco, Bahamas . J. Sed. Petrol. , 40 : 274 – 297 .
  • Odum , H. T. , Beyers , R. J. and Armstrong , N. E. 1963 . Consequences of small storage capacity in nannoplankton pertinent to measurement of primary production in tropical waters . J. Mar. Res. , 21 : 191 – 198 .
  • Odum , H. T. , McConnell , W. and Abbott , W. 1958 . The chlorophyll “A”; of communities . Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas , 5 : 65 – 96 .
  • Odum , H. T. and Odum , E. P. 1955 . Trophic structure and productivity of a windward reef community on Eniwetok Atoll . Ecol. Monogr. , 25 : 291 – 320 .
  • Oppenheimer , C. H. 1961 . Note on the formation of spherical aragonic bodies in the presence of bacteria from Bahama Bank . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 23 : 295 – 296 .
  • Oppenheimer , C. H. and Master , M. 1965 . On the solution of quartz and precipitation of dolomite in sea water during photosynthesis and respiration . Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. , 5 : 48 – 51 .
  • Park , K. and Curl , H. C. Jr. 1965 . Effects of photosynthesis and respiration on electrical conductivity of sea‐water . Nature , 205 : 274 – 275 .
  • Park , K. , Hood , D. W. and Odum , H. T. 1958 . Diurnal pH variations in Texas bays and its application to primary production estimation . Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas , 5 : 47 – 64 .
  • Puri , H. S. and Collier , A. 1967 . Role of microorganisms in formation of limestone . Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. , 17 : 355 – 367 .
  • Purser , B. H. , ed. 1973 . The Persian Gulf, Holocene carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in a shallow epicontinental sea , Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Pytkowicz , R. M. 1965 . Rates of calcium carbonate nucleation . J. Geol. , 73 : 196 – 199 .
  • Pytkowicz , R. M. 1967 . Carbonate cycle and the buffer mechanism of recent oceans . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 31 : 63 – 74 .
  • Revelle , R. and Emery , K. O. 1957 . Chemical erosion of beachrock and exposed reef rock , U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 260‐T 699 – 709 .
  • Revelle , R. and Fairbridge , R. W. 1957 . “ Carbonates and carbon dioxide ” . In Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology , Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 67 Edited by: Hedgpeth , J. W. Vol. I , 239 – 269 .
  • Riedl , R. 1971 . How much sea water passes through sandy beaches? . Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. , 56 : 932 – 946 .
  • Roberts , H. H. and Moore , C. H. Jr. 1969 . Recently cemented aggregates (grapestones), Cayman Island, B.W.I. . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 58 – 60 .
  • Russell , R. J. 1959 . Caribbean beachrock observations . Z. Geomorphol. , 3 : 227 – 236 .
  • Russell , R. J. 1962 . Origin of beachrock . Z. Geomorphol. , 6 : 1 – 16 .
  • Safriel , U. and Lipkin , Y. 1964 . On the intertidal zonation of the rocky shores at Elat (Red Sea, Israel) . Isr. J. Zool. , 13 : 187 – 190 .
  • Schneider , J. 1973 . Biologische und anorganische Faktoren beim Abbau einer Kalkküste , Göttingen : Habil.‐Schrift .
  • Schneider , J. 1977 . “ Carbonate construction and decomposition by epilithic and endolithic micro‐organisms in salt‐ and freshwater ” . In Fossil algae, recent results and developments , Edited by: Flügel , E. 248 – 260 . Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Schraer , H. , ed. 1970 . Biological calcification, cellular and molecular aspects , 462 Amsterdam : North Holland .
  • Schroeder , J. H. 1972 . Calcified filaments of an endolithic alga in recent Bermuda reefs . Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol., Monatsh., Jg. , 1972 : 16 – 33 .
  • Schroeder , J. H. and Willgallis , A. . Fabrics and sequences of carbonate cements in recent Bermuda reefs . VIII Int. Sed. Congress . pp. 90 Abstr.,
  • Scoffin , T. P. 1970 . The trapping and binding of subtidal carbonate sediments by marine vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas . J. Sed. Petrol. , 40 : 249 – 273 .
  • Seibold , E. 1962 . Untersuchungen zur Kalkfällung und Kalklösung am Westrand der Great Bahama Bank . Sedimentology , 1 : 50 – 74 .
  • Shinano , H. 1972 . Studies of marine microorganisms taking part in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. IV. A taxonomic study of marine bacteria taking part in the precipitation of calcium carbonate (2) . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish , 38 : 825 – 832 .
  • Skeats , E. W. 1903 . The chemical composition of limestones from uprised coral islands, with notes on their microscopical structures . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College , 42 : 53 – 126 .
  • Smith , C. L. 1940 . The Great Bahama Bank. II. Carbonate calcium precipitation . J. Mar. Res. , 3 : 147 – 170 . 171 – 188 .
  • Sognnaes , R. F. , ed. 1960 . Calcification in biological systems , 511 Washington, D.C. : AAAS . Pub. No. 64.
  • Spencer , C. P. 1965 . “ The carbon dioxide system in sea water: A critical appraisal ” . In Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 3 , Edited by: Barnes , H. 31 – 57 . London : Allen & Unwin .
  • Stephenson , W. and Searles , R. B. 1960 . Experimental studies on the ecology of intertidal environments at Heron Island. I. Exclusion of fish from beach rock . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , 11 : 241 – 267 .
  • Stephenson , W. and Searles , R. B. 1961 . Experimental studies on the ecology of intertidal environments at Heron Island . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , 12 : 164 – 176 .
  • Stieglitz , R. D. 1972 . Scanning electron microscopy of the fine fraction of recent carbonate sediments from Bimini, Bahamas . J. Sed. Petrol. , 42 : 211 – 226 .
  • Stoddart , D. R. and Cann , J. R. 1965 . Nature and origin of beachrock . J. Sed. Petrol. , 35 : 243 – 247 .
  • Strickland , J. D. H. 1971 . “ Microbial activity in aquatic environments ” . In Microbes and biological productivity , Edited by: Hughes , D. E. and Rose , A. H. 231 – 253 . London : Cambridge University Press .
  • Strickland , J. D. H. and Parsons , T. R. 1968 . A practical handbook of seawater analysis , Ottawa : Fisheries Research Board of Canada .
  • Taylor , J. C. M. and Wing , L. V. 1969a . Development of recent cemented layers within intertidal sand flats, Quatar, Persian Gulf . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 14 – 17 .
  • Taylor , J. C. M. and Wing , L. V. 1969b . Variation in recent beachrock cements, Quatar, Persian Gulf . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 18 – 20 .
  • Taylor , J. C. M. and Ming , L. V. 1969c . Alteration of recent aragonite to magnesian calcite cement, Qatar, Persian Gulf . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 21 – 23 .
  • Tietz , G. and Müller , G. 1969 . Micritic high‐magnesium calcite cementing basaltic rock fragments and minerals in recent beachrock, Fuerta‐ventura . Bermuda Biol. Sta. Res. Spec. Publ. , 3 : 1 – 2 .
  • Thorstenson , D. C. 1971 . “ A chemical model for early diagenesis in Devil's Hole, Harrington Sound, Bermuda ” . In Carbonate cements , Edited by: Bricker , O. P. 285 – 291 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Trichet , J. 1965 . Essai d'explication de l'origine des grès de plage. Cas des grès de plage coralliens . C. R. Acad. Sei., Ser. D. , 261 : 3176 – 3178 .
  • Trichet , J. M. 1967 . Essai d'explication du dépôt d'aragonite sur des substrates organiques . C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. D , 265 : 1464 – 1467 .
  • Vaughan , T. W. 1910 . A contribution to the geologic history of the Floridian Plateau . Carnegie Inst. Washington. Pap. Mar. Biol. Lab. Tortugas , 4 : 99 – 185 .
  • Vaughan , T. W. 1914a . Preliminary remarks on the geology of the Bahamas and Floridian oolites . Carnegie Inst. Washington. Pap. Mar. Biol. Lab. Tortugas , 5 : 47 – 55 .
  • Vaughan , T. W. 1914b . The building of the Marquesas and Tortugas Atolls and a sketch of the geologic history of the Florida Reef tract . Carnegie Inst. Washington. Pap. Mar. Biol. Lab. Tortugas , 5 : 55 – 67 .
  • Vaughan , T. W. 1924 . Oceanography in its relation to other earth sciences . J. Wash. Acad. Sci. , 14 : 307 – 333 .
  • Walter , M. R. , ed. 1976 . Stromatolites. Developments in sedimentology , Vol. 20 , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Wattenberg , H. 1936 . Kohlensäure und Kalziumkarbonat im Meere . Fortschr. Mineral, Kristall., Petrogr. , 20 : 168 – 195 .
  • Weber , J. N. and Woodhead , M. J. 1971 . Diurnal variations in the isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 35 : 891 – 902 .
  • ZoBell , C. E. 1946 . Marine microbiology , 240 Waltham, Mass. : Chronica Botanica .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.