Microbial communities in deep Canadian shield groundwaters—an in situ biofilm experiment

References

• Andreyev , P. F. 1955 . On the problem of the bacterial hypothesis of the genesis of the types of oil (in Russian) . Tr. Vses. Neft. Geol.‐Razved. In‐ta , : 83
   Google Scholar
• Balkwill , D. L. , Fredrickson , J. K. and Thomas , J. M. 1989 . Vertical and horizontal variations in the physiological diversity of the aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacterial microflora in deep southeast coastal plain subsurface sediments . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 1058 – 1065 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge , T. J. 1989 . “ The structure of bacteria ” . In Bacteria in nature , Edited by: Poindexter , J. S. and Leadbetter , E. R. 1 – 65 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , D. A. , Choudari Kamineni , D. , Sawicki , J. A. and Beveridge , T. J. 1994 . Minerals associated with biofilms occurring on exposed rock in a granitic underground research laboratory . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 3182 – 3191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , S. S. 1992 . “ Equilibrium, rate, and natural systems ” . In Global biogeochemical cycles , Edited by: Butcher , S. S. , Charlson , R. J. , Orians , G. H. and Wolfe , G. V. 73 – 92 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chapelle , F. H. and Lovley , D. R. 1990 . Rates of microbial metabolism in deep coastal plain aquifers . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 1865 – 1874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane , L. B. 1984 . “ Ore deposits of the Copper Cliff offset ” . In The geology and ore deposits of the Sudbury Structure , Ontario Geological Survey Edited by: Pye , E. G. , Naldret , A. J. and Giblin , P. E. Special Volume 1 , 347 – 360 . Ontario
   Google Scholar
• Doig , F. 1994 . Bacterial Methanogenesis in Canadian Shield Groundwaters , University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Ekendahl , S. , Arlinger , J. , Stahl , F. and Pedersen , K. 1993 . Carbon Transformations in Deep Granitic Groundwater by Attached Bacterial Populations Characterized with 16s‐rRNA Gene Sequencing Technique and Scanning Electron Microscopy , Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Technical Report 93–22 Stockholm, , Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , F. G. , Bramhill , B. J. and Jack , T. R. . Monitoring of biocide efficacy at a field test facility in an oilfield water injection system . Corrosion/90 Symposium . pp. 130/1 – 130/6 . Houston : National Association of Corrosion Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Frape , S. K. and Fritz , P. 1982 . The chemistry and isotopic composition of saline groundwaters from the Sudbury Basin, Ontario . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 19 : 645 – 661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frape , S. K. and Fritz , P. 1987 . “ Geochemical trends for groundwater from the Canadian Shield ” . In Saline water and gases in crystalline rocks , Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 33 Edited by: Fritz , P. and Frape , S. K. 19 – 38 . Ottawa, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Frape , S. K. , Fritz , P. and McNutt , R. H. 1984 . Water‐rock interaction and chemistry of groundwaters from the Canadian Shield . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 48 : 1617 – 1627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , J. K. , Balkwill , D. L. , Zachara , J. M. , Li , S. W. , Brockman , F. J. and Simmons , M. 1991 . Physiological diversity and distributions of heterotrophic bacteria in deep cretaceous sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 : 402 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz , P. , Frape , S. K. and Miles , M. 1987 . “ Methane in the crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield ” . In Saline water and gases in crystalline rocks , Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 33 Edited by: Fritz , P. and Frape , S. K. 211 – 223 . Ottawa, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Ghiorse , W. C. and Wilson , J. T. 1988 . Microbial ecology of the terrestrial subsurface . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 33 : 107 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , L. K. and Parker , B. C. 1988 . A simple, rapid method for enumerating total viable and meta‐bolically active bacteria in groundwater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 1630 – 1631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D. , Wong , P. T. S. and Dutka , B. J. 1973 . Determination of carbohydrate in lake sediment by a modified phenol‐sulfuric acid method . Wat. Res. , 7 : 741 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D. , Lau , Y. L. , Chau , Y. K. and Pacepavicius , G. J. 1993 . Characterization of biofilm development on artificial substratum in natural water . Wat. Res. , 27 : 361 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthess , G. , Frimmel , F. H. , Hirsch , P. , Schulz , H. D. and Usdowski , E. 1992 . Progress in hydro‐geochemistry , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , E. M. , Schramke , J. A. , Fredrickson , J. K. , Bledsoe , H. W. , Francis , A. J. , Sklarew , D. S. and Linehan , J. C. 1992 . The influence of microbial activity and sedimentary organic carbon on the isotope geochemistry of the Middendorf aquifer . Water Resour. Res. , 28 : 723 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oremland , R. S. and Taylor , B. F. 1978 . Sulphate reduction and methanogenesis in marine sediments . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 42 : 209 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1990a . Potential Effects of Bacteria on Radionuclide Transport from a Swedish High Level Nuclear Waste Repository , Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Technical Report 90–05 Stockholm, , Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1990b . Biofilm development on stainless steel and PVC surfaces in drinking water . Wat. Res. , 24 : 239 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1993 . The deep subterranean biosphere . Earth. Sci. Rev. , 34 : 243 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. and Ekendahl , S. 1992a . Incorporation of CO2 and introduced organic compounds by bacterial populations in groundwater from the deep crystalline bedrock of the Stripa mine . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 138 : 369 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. and Ekendahl , S. 1992b . Assimilation of CO2 and introduced organic compounds by bacterial communities in groundwater from Southeastern Sweden deep crystalline bedrock . Microb. Ecol. , 23 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poindexter , J. S. 1981 . The caulobacters: Ubiquitous unusual bacteria . Adv. Microb. Ecol. , 5 : 63 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultze‐Lam , S. , Harauz , G. and Beveridge , T. J. 1992 . Participation of a cyanobacterial S layer in fine‐grained mineral formation . J. Bacteriol. , 174 : 7971 – 7981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwertmann , U. and Fitzpatrick , R. W. 1992 . “ Iron minerals in surface environments ” . In Biomineralization—Processes of iron and manganese—Modern and ancient environments , Edited by: Slinner , H. C. W. and Fitzpatrick , R. W. 7 – 30 . Cremlingen, , Germany : Catena Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood Lollar , B. , Frape , S. K. , Fritz , P. , Macko , S. A. , Welhan , J. A. , Blomqvist , R. and Lahermo , P. W. 1993 . Evidence for bacterially generated hydrocarbon gas in Canadian Shield and Fennoscandian Shield rocks . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 57 : 5073 – 5085 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm , W. and Morgan , J. J. 1981 . Aquatic chemistry—An introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. R. , Matulich , A. , Amos , A. C. , Watkins , J. J. and Mannard , G. W. 1975 . The geology of the Kidd Creek Mine . Econ. Geol. , 70 : 80 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , D. M. and Winfrey , M. R. 1985 . Interactions between methanogenic and sulfate‐reducing bacteria in sediments . Adv. Aquat. Microbiol. , 3 : 141 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Winkler , H. G. F. 1967 . Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar