Why Do Women Want Children? The Case of Hong Kong, China: A Lowest-Low Fertility Context

References

• Adams, J. (2004). The imagination and social life. Qualitative Sociology, 27, 277–297.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G., & Nachtigall, R. D. (1992). Eager for medicalisation: The social production of infertility as a disease. Sociology of Health and Illness, 14, 456–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bulatao, R. (1981). Values and disvalues of children in successive childbearing decisions. Demography, 18, 1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulcroft, R., & Teachman, J. (2004). Ambiguous constructions: Development of a childless or childfree life course. In M. Coleman & L. Ganong (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary families (pp. 116–136). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. L., Wei, J. S., & Lin, X. H. (2002). Family fertility behavior and fertility aspirations. In S. L. Chen, J. S. Wei, & X. H. Lin (Eds.), Planned fertility and family development in China. Beijing, China: Renmin Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, K. (2012). Extensive mothering: employed mothers’ conceptions of the good mother. Gender and Society, 26, 173–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, L., & Cater, S. (2006). ‘Planned’ teenage pregnancy: Perspectives of young women from disadvantaged backgrounds in England. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 593–614.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Statistics, Singapore. (2015). Population Trends. Retrieved from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising-data/storyboards/population-trends (accessed 20 February, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Ding, G. H. (2001). To have a boy or a girl: The change in the views on fertility in Hong Kong. In S. J. Liu, et al. (Eds.), Social transformation and changes in culture (pp. 259–269).
   Google Scholar
• Edin, K., & Kefalas, M. (2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, R. (2000). Disbelief, disregard, and deviance: Discourses of voluntary childlessness. Women’s Studies International Forum, 23, 223–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, R. (2003). Childfree and feminine: Understanding the gender identity of voluntarily childless women. Gender and Society, 17, 122–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland, M. (1993). Reconceiving women: Separating motherhood from female identity. New York, NY: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffries, S., & Konnert, C. (2002). Regret and psychological well-being among voluntarily and involuntarily childless women and mothers. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 89–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaaneh, R. A. (2002). Birthing the nation: Strategies of Palestinian women in Israel. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, M. (2009). Women’s voluntary childlessness: A radical rejection of motherhood? Women’s Studies Quarterly, 37, 157–172.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J. (2010). Transformations of public and private knowledge: audience reception, feminism and the experience of childhood sexual abuse. In J. Haaken & P. Reavey (Eds.), Memory matters: Contexts for understanding sexual abuse recollections (pp. 86–104). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Koropeckyj-Cox, T., Romano, V. R., & Moras, A. (2007). Through the lenses of gender, race, and class: Students’ perceptions of childless/childfree individuals and couples. Sex Roles, 56, 415–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letherby, G. (1994). Mother or not, other or what? Problems of definition and identity. Women’s Studies International Forum, 17, 525–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. P. (1997). The values of children and the structure of values. In T. X. Yuan & W. L. Hu (Eds.), Family, economy and fertility studies in China. Beijing, China: Chinese Economic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loke, A., Yu, P. L., & Hayter, M. (2011). Experiences of sub-fertility among Chinese couples in Hong Kong: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 504–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, W., Skirbekk, V., & Testa, M. R. (2005). The low-fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe. European Demographic Research Papers, 4. Vienna, Austria: Vienna Institute of Demography.
   Google Scholar
• McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., Shreffler, K. M., & Tichenor, V. (2008). The importance of motherhood among women in the contemporary United States. Gender and Society, 22, 477–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morell, C. (1994). Unwomanly conduct: The challenges of intentional childlessness. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P., & King, R. (2001). Why have children in the 21st century? Biological predisposition, social coercion, rational choice. European Journal of Population, 17, 3–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Glenn, E. (1994). Social constructions of mothering: A thematic overview. In E. Nakano Glenn, G. Change, & L. R. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 1–31). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Park, K. (2002). Stigma management among the voluntarily childless. Sociological Perspectives, 45, 21–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, H. (2014). Fifty shades of freedom: Voluntary childlessness as women’s ultimate liberation. Women’s Studies International Forum, 53, 182–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, M., Bhattacharya, S., & van Teijingen, E. (2006). Unfulfilled expectations: How circumstances impinge on women’s reproductive choices. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 1757–1767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retherford, R., & Ogawa, N. (2005). Japan’s baby bust: Causes, implications, and policy responses. East-West Center Working Papers, Population and Health Series, No. 118. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar
• Schoen, R., Kim, Y. J., Nathanson, C. A., Fields, J., & Astone, N. M. (1997). Why do Americans want children? Population and Development Review, 23, 333–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shek, D. T. L. (1996). The value of children to Hong Kong Chinese parents. The Journal of Psychology, 130, 561–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Thornham, S., Bassett, C., & Marris, P. (2010). Media studies: A reader. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, M., & Weatherall, A. (2000). Motherhood and infertility: Viewing motherhood through the lens of infertility. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 323–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Data. (2015). Fertility rate (total). Retrieved from http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?.d=WDI&f=Indicator_Code:SP.DYN.TFRT.IN (accessed 4 November 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Walby, S. (1997). Gender transformations. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wollett, A. (1991). Having children: Accounts of childless women and women with reproductive problems. In A. Phoenix, A. Wollett, & E. Lloyd (Eds.), Motherhood: Meanings, practices and ideologies. Gender and psychology (pp. 47–65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, C. K., Tang, K. L., & Ye, S. Q. (2011). The perceived importance of family-friendly policies to childbirth decision among Hong Kong women. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20, 381–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, B. T. (1985). Some social factors for the decrease of birth rate in Hong Kong. In X. M. Huan & J. Y. Ji (Eds.), The experiences of Hong Kong development. Hong Kong, China: The Chinese University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yip, S. F., Li, Y. G., Xie, S. Y., & Lam, E. (2006). An analysis of the lowest total fertility rate in Hong Kong SAR. International Conference on Declining Fertility in East and Southeast Asian Countries, Hitotsubashi Collaboration Center, Tokyo, Japan, 14–15 December 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, V. (1985). Pricing the priceless child. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar