References
- Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–232.
- Ainsworth, M., Blehar, S., Waters, C., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Anan, R. M., & Barnett, D. (1999). Perceived social support mediates between prior attachment and subsequent adjustment: A study of urban African American children. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1210–1222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1210
- Appelbaum, M., Cooper, H., Kline, R. B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Nezu, A. M., & Rao, S. M. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force report. The American Psychologist, 73(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000191
- Atkinson, L., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Niccols, A., Parker, K. C. H., & Guger, S. (2000). Attachment security: A meta-analysis of maternal mental health correlates. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 1019–1040. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00023-9
- Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1988). Attachment and the development of behavior problems. In Child psychology. Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 253–299). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350–371.
- Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss (2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published in 1969).
- Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2), 3–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3333824
- Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent-child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 177–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990344
- Bureau, J. F., Deneault, A. A., & Yurkowski, K. (2020). Preschool father-child attachment and its relation to self-reported child socioemotional adaptation in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development, 22(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589065
- Bureau, J. F., Martin, J., Yurkowski, K., Schmiedel, S., Quan, J., Moss, E., Deneault, A. A., & Pallanca, D. (2017). Correlates of child-father and child-mother attachment in the preschool years. Attachment & Human Development, 19(2), 130–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1263350
- Bureau, J.-F., & Moss, E. (2010). Behavioural precursors of attachment representations in middle childhood and links with child social adaptation. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(3), 657–677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X468062
- Buyse, E., Verschueren, K., & Doumen, S. (2011). Preschoolers’ attachment to mother and risk for adjustment problems in kindergarten: Can teachers make a difference? Social Development, 20(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00555.x
- Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 228–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
- Cassidy, J., & Marvin, R. S. (1992). Attachment organization in preschool children: Procedures and coding manual. University of Virginia.
- Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1129830
- Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E. M., Greenberg, M. T., & Marvin, R. S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. University of Chicago Press.
- Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and Psychopathology, 4(2), 209–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000110
- Crittenden, P. M., Claussen, A. H., & Kozlowska, K. (2007). Choosing a valid assessment of attachment for clinical use: A comparative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 28(02), 78–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1375/anft.28.2.78
- Crombie, I. K. (2007). The pocket guide to critical appraisal: A handbook for health care professionals. BMJ Publishing Group.
- Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2016). Measurement of individual differences in adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 598–635). The Guilford Press.
- Deneault, A.-A., Bureau, J.-F., Yurkowski, K., & Moss, E. (2019). Validation of the Preschool Attachment Rating Scales with child-mother and child-father dyads. Attachment & Human Development, 22(5), 491–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589546
- Dodge, K. A., & Newman, J. P. (1981). Biased decision-making processes in aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90(4), 375–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.90.4.375
- Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(6), 377–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377
- Dubois-Comtois, K., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2013). Behavior problems in middle childhood: The predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9764-6
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
- Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 123–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_03
- Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of Strange Situation behavior. Developmental Psychology, 39(3), 387–404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.387
- Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods & Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202
- Gaumon, S., Paquette, D., Cyr, C., Émond‐Nakamura, M., & St‐André, M. (2016). Anxiety and attachment to the mother in preschoolers receiving psychiatric care: The father-child activation relationship as a protective factor. Infant Mental Health Journal, 37(4), 372–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21571
- Graham, C. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2000). School-aged children’s vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: The role of attachment security, maternal depressive symptomatology, and economic risk. Development and Psychopathology, 12(2), 201–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400002054
- Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., Deklyen, M., & Endriga, M. C. (1991). Attachment security in preschoolers with and without externalizing behavior problems: A replication. Development and Psychopathology, 3(4), 413–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007604
- Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Jones, K. (2001). Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: Variable- and person-oriented approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 13(2), 255–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401002048
- Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 83(2), 591–610. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x
- Hinshaw, S. P., Han, S. S., Erhardt, D., & Huber, A. (1992). Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in preschool children: Correspondence among parent and teacher ratings and behavior observations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2102_6
- Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015). Serotonin transporter genotype (5HTTLPR) moderates the longitudinal impact of atypical attachment on externalizing behavior. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 36(6), 409–416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000171
- Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174.
- Lecompte, V., & Moss, E. (2014). Disorganized and controlling patterns of attachment, role reversal, and caregiving helplessness: Links to adolescents’ externalizing problems. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 581–589. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000017
- Lecompte, V., Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Pascuzzo, K. (2014). Preschool attachment, self-esteem and the development of preadolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. Attachment & Human Development, 16(3), 242–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.873816
- Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage Publications.
- Low, J. A., & Webster, L. (2016). Attention and executive functions as mediators of attachment and behavior problems. Social Development, 25(3), 646–664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12166
- Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 672–689. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028793
- Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24(3), 415–426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.3.415
- Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development. Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). University of Chicago Press.
- Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). University of Chicago Press.
- McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., Booth, C. L., Clarke‐Stewart, A., & Vandell, D. L. (2004). Testing a maternal attachment model of behavior problems in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45(4), 765–778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00270.x
- McLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x
- Milan, S., Snow, S., & Belay, S. (2009). Depressive symptoms in mothers and children: Preschool attachment as a moderator of risk. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 1019–1033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016164
- Milan, S., Zona, K., & Snow, S. (2013). Pathways to adolescent internalizing: Early attachment insecurity as a lasting source of vulnerability. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.736357
- Miner, J. L., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2008). Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 771–786. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.771
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
- Moss, E., Bureau, J.-F., Béliveau, M.-J., Zdebik, M., & Lépine, S. (2009). Links between children’s attachment behavior at early school-age, their attachment-related representations, and behavior problems in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408098012
- Moss, E., Bureau, J. F., Cyr, C., Mongeau, C., & St-Laurent, D. (2004). Correlates of attachment at age 3: Construct validity of the preschool attachment classification system. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.323
- Moss, E., Cyr, C., Bureau, J.-F., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2005). Stability of attachment during the preschool period. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 773–783. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.773
- Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2004). Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: Examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 519–532. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.519
- Moss, E., Parent, S., Gosselin, C., Rousseau, D., & St-Laurent, D. (1996). Attachment and teacher-reported behavior problems during the preschool and early school-age period. Development and Psychopathology, 8(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007240
- Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St-Laurent, D., & Saintonge, J. (1998). Correlates of attachment at school age: Maternal reported stress, mother–child interaction, and behavior problems. Child Development, 69(5), 1390–1405.
- Moss, E., Smolla, N., Cyr, C., Dubois-Comtois, K., Mazzarello, T., & Berthiaume, C. (2006). Attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood as reported by adult and child informants. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 425–444. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060238
- National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute. (2017). Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
- Neuhaus, R., McCormick, M., & O’Connor, E. (2020). The mediating role of child-teacher dependency in the association between early mother-child attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1751989
- NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Child-care and family predictors of preschool attachment and stability from infancy. Developmental Psychology, 37(6), 847–862. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.847
- O’Connor, T. G., Marvin, R. S., Rutter, M., Olrick, J. T., & Britner, P. A. (2003). Child-parent attachment following early institutional deprivation. Development and Psychopathology, 15(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000026
- O’Connor, E., Bureau, J.-F., McCartney, K., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2011). Risks and outcomes associated with disorganized/controlling patterns of attachment at age three in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32(4), 450–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20305
- O’Connor, E. E., Collins, B. A., & Supplee, L. (2012). Behavior problems in late childhood: The roles of early maternal attachment and teacher-child relationship trajectories. Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 265–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.672280
- O’Connor, E. E., Scott, M. A., McCormick, M. P., & Weinberg, S. L. (2014). Early mother-child attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood: The role of the subsequent caregiving environment. Attachment & Human Development, 16(6), 590–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.937817
- O’Neill, M., Badovinac, S., Martin, J., Deneault, A.-A., Guérin Marion, C., Goldreich, R., & Pillai Riddell, R. (2017). Preschool attachment classification system (PACS): A systematic review of maternal and child antecedents, correlates, and consequences of preschool attachment behavior (CRD42017073417). National Institute of Health Research. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=73417
- Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product of the ESRC Methods Programme. University of Lancaster.
- Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. (2007). Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: A systematic review and annotated bibliography. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(3), 666–676. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym018
- Schneider, B. H., Atkinson, L., & Tardif, C. (2001). Child–parent attachment and children’s peer relations: A quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.86
- Seifer, R., LaGasse, L. L., Lester, B., Bauer, C. R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Wright, L. L., Smeriglio, V. L., & Liu, J. (2004). Attachment status in children prenatally exposed to cocaine and other substances. Child Development, 75(3), 850–868. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00710.x
- Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). The measurement of attachment security and related constructs in infancy and early childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 366–396). The Guilford Press.
- Solomon, J., George, C., & De Jong, A. (1995). Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology, 7(3), 447–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006623
- Shamir-Essakow, G., Ungerer, J. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Attachment, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-1822-2
- Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment in boys with early onset conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499002059
- Speltz, M. L., Greenberg, M. T., & DeKlyen, M. (1990). Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children. Development and Psychopathology, 2(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000572
- Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x
- Thompson, R. A. (2008). Attachment-related mental representations: Introduction to the special issue. Attachment & Human Development, 10(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802461334
- Tupper, R., Bureau, J. F., Deneault, A. A., Dixon-Luinenburg, T., & St-Laurent, D. (2020). The contributions of child–mother attachment, maternal parenting stress, and military status to the prediction of child behavior problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 41(5), 723–737. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21854
- Valla, J. P., Bergeron, L., & Smolla, N. (2000). The Dominic-R: A pictorial interview for 6- to 11-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200001000-00020
- van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 225–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499002035
- Verhage, M. L., Fearon, R. M. P., Schuengel, C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Madigan, S., Roisman, G. I., Oosterman, M., Behrens, K. Y., Wong, M. S., Mangelsdorf, S., Priddis, L. E., & Brisch, K.-H. (2018). Examining ecological constraints on the intergenerational transmission of attachment via individual participant data meta-analysis. Child Development, 89(6), 2023–2037. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13085
- Wartner, U. G., Grossmann, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Suess, G. (1994). Attachment patterns at age six in south Germany: Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior. Child Development, 65(4), 1014–1027. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1131301
- Waters, E., & Deane, K. E. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2), 41–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3333826
- Willoughby, M. T., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Gottfredson, N. C., & Wagner, N. J. (2014). Measuring callous unemotional behaviors in early childhood: Factor structure and the prediction of stable aggression in middle childhood. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9379