Pretoria's “total strategy” and low‐intensity warfare in Southern Africa

Notes

• Beaufre , Andre . 1965 . An Introduction to Strategy , New York : Frederick A. Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Jaster , Robert . 1985 . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . In Southern Africa: Regional Security Problems and Prospects , Edited by: Jaster , Robert . 47 – 48 . New York : St. Martin's .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys , Deon . 1983 . “Recrossing the Matola Threshold: The ‘Terrorist Factor’ in South Africa's Regional Relations,” . South Africa International , 13 ( 3 ) : 153
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . “South Africa's Regional Policy,” . In Regional Co‐Operation: The Record and Outlook , 111 Braamfontein : South African Institute for International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , C. R. 1969 . “UDI and South African Foreign Policy,” . Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 96 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , Richard . 1983 . South Africa At War , 82 – 86 . Westport, CT : Lawrence Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , Larry W. , Bratton , Michael and Murapa , Rukudzo . 1983 . “Zimbabwe and South Africa: Dependency, Destabilization, and Liberation,” . In South Africa in Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence , Edited by: Callaghy , Thomas M. 332 – 333 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Cockram , Gail M. 1970 . Vorster's Foreign Policy , Pretoria : Academia .
   Google Scholar
• Venter , A. J. 1977 . Vorster's Africa: Friendship and Frustration , Johannesburg : Ernest Stanton .
   Google Scholar
• Karis , Thomas G. 1986 . “Black Politics: The Road to Revolution,” . In Apartheid in Crisis , Edited by: Uhlig , Mark A. 121 New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Coker , Christopher . 1986 . The United States and South Africa, 1968–1985 , 127 – 153 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon , Joseph . 1986 . Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa , 7 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kunert , Dirk . 1978 . “South Africa in a Hostile World,” . South Africa International , 9 : 1 – 10 . 37
   Google Scholar
• Ozgur , Ozdemir A. 1982 . Apartheid: The United Nations and Peaceful Change in South Africa , 101 – 105 . Dobbs Ferry, NY : Transnational .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , Steven . 1985 . “The Anti‐Apartheid Movement and the Formulation of American Policy Toward South Africa 1969–1981” . 389 – 481 . Johns Hopkins University . (Ph.D. dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . South Africa 1985: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa , 264 – 265 . Pretoria : Department of Foreign Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , Gwendolen M. 1985 . Continuity and Change in Southern Africa , 43 – 74 . Gainesville : University of Florida Center for African Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy , Kenneth W. 1982 . “South Africa and the Political Economy of Southern Africa,” . In International Politics in Southern Africa , Edited by: Carter , Gwendolen M. and O'Meara , Patrick . 160 – 166 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edlin , John . 1983 . “Key to Southern Africa's Economic Independence,” . Africa Report , May‐June : 57 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Anglin , Douglas . 1983 . “Economic Liberation and Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa,” . International Organization , 37 : 617 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Christopher . 1983 . “Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa,” . African Affairs , 82 ( 327 ) : 215 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger , E. S. 1981 . The Constellation of Southern African States and the Southern African Development Coordination Council: Towards a New Regional Statement? , Johannesburg : South African Institute of International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg , Robert I. 1985 . “Decision Making and the Military in South Africa,” . In South Africa and Its Neighbors: Regional Security and Self‐interest , Edited by: Rotberg , Robert I. and et al. 17 Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon , Garth L. 1986 . “Theoretical Perspectives on South African Foreign Policy Making,” . Politikon , 13 ( 1 ) : 14
   Google Scholar
• Republic of South Africa, Department of Defence . White Paper on Defence and Armaments Supply 1982 28
   Google Scholar
• Gelden‐huys , Deon . 1981 . Some Foreign Policy Implications of South Africa's Total National Strategy, with Particular Reference to the 12‐Point Plan , 3 Johannesburg : South African Institute of International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . “ANC: Moscow's Agent,” . Paratus , 33 ( 3 ) : 16 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Talking With The ANC . . . , Pretoria : Bureau for Information .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . “Southern Africa: Soviet Front Organizations,” . In Backgrounder , Vol. 9/83 , Washington : South African Embassy .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy , Thomas M. “Apartheid and Socialism: South Africa's Relations with Angola and Mozambique,” . In South Africa in Southern Africa Edited by: Callaghy . 268
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , J. R. 1978 . “The Military Aspects of National Security,” . In National Security: A Modern Approach , Edited by: Louw , Michael H. H. 107 Pretoria : Institute for Strategic Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Villiers , C. F. De . 1975 . The Communist Strategy , Pretoria : Republic of South Africa Department of Information .
   Google Scholar
• Hanks , Robert J. 1983 . Southern Africa and Western Security , Cambridge, MA : Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . The Cape Route: Imperiled Western Lifeline , Cambridge, MA : Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . “On Minerals, Metals, and U.S. Foreign Policy,” . South Africa International , 11
   Google Scholar
• Dornan , James E. 1976 . “The Strategic Importance of South Africa,” . In South Africa—The Vital Link , Edited by: Schuettinger , Robert L. 27 – 43 . Washington : Council on American Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Bissell , Richard E. 1979 . “How Strategic is South Africa?” . In South Africa Into the 1980s , Edited by: Bissell , Richard E. and Crocker , Chester A. Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , Steven . 1983 . “U.S. Security and Strategic Minerals Dependence: The South African Dilemma,” . Towson State Journal of International Affairs , 17 : 93 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , James Arnold and et al. 1980 . The Resource War in 3‐D: Dependency, Diplomacy, Defence . Proceedings of the 18th World Affairs Forum . 1980 , Pittsburgh. World Affairs Council of Pittsburgh .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . “South Africa: Persian Gulf of Minerals,” . In Backgrounder , Vol. 9/80 , Washington : South African Embassy .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . “The Cape Route —Passageway to Survival,” . In Backgrounder , Vol. 2/1980 , Washington : South African Embassy .
   Google Scholar
• Sarkesian , Sam C. 1986 . “Commentary on Low‐Intensity Warfare: Threat and Military Response,” . In Proceedings of the Low‐Intensity Warfare Conference 14–15 January 1986 , 9 – 10 . Washington : U.S. Department of Defense .
   Google Scholar
• Luttwak , Edward N. 1983 . “Notes on Low Intensity Warfare,” . Parameters , 13 ( 4 ) : 11 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Tice , Jim . 1987 . “Army Approves Separate Special Forces Branch,” . Army Times , May 4 : 1 28
   Google Scholar
• Baker , Donald G. 1980 . “Retreat from Challenge: White Reactions to Regional Events Since 1974,” . In Southern Africa Since the Portuguese Coup , Edited by: Seiler , John . Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , R. K. 1983 . “Support for Cross‐Border Strikes,” . Paratus , 34 ( 2 ) : 10
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 64
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys , Deon . 1982 . What Do We Think? A Survey of White Opinion On Foreign Policy Issues , Braamfontein : South African Institute of International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy , Kenneth W. 1986 . The Militarization of South African Politics , 12 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roherty , James M. 1984 . “Managing the Security Power Base in South Africa,” . South Africa International , 15 ( 2 ) : 66
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africas's Narrowing Security Options,” . 48 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy , Kenneth . 1983 . The Rise of the South African Security Establishment: An Essay on the Changing Locus of State Power , Biadlow series no. 1 6 Johannesburg : South African Institute of International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys , Deon . 1984 . The Diplomacy of Isolation: South African Foreign Policy Making , 74 – 89 . New York : St. Martin's .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg , Robert I. 1983 . “The Process of Decision‐Making in Contemporary South Africa,” . CSIS Africa Notes , 22 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “The Process of Decision Making,” . 2 17
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South Africa Politics 36
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys , Deon and Kotze , Hennie . 1985 . “P. W. Botha As Decision Maker: A Preliminary Study of Personality and Politics,” . Poli‐tikon , 12 ( 1 ) : 30 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys . Diplomacy of Isolation , 89 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South Africa Politics , 36 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “Decision Making and the Military in South Africa,” . 18
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “The Process of Decision Making in Contemporary South Africa,” . 3
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South African Politics 34 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Rise of the South African Security Establishment , 14 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys . Diplomacy of Isolation 91 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “The Process of Decision Making,” . 5 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “The Process of Decision Making in Contemporary South Africa,” . 4
   Google Scholar
• Davies , Robert and O'Meara , Dan . 1985 . “Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South African Regional Policy Since 1978,” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 11 ( 2 ) : 193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South African Politics , 1
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 65
   Google Scholar
• Heitman , Helmoed‐Romer . 1985 . South African War Machine , 122 – 133 . No‐vato, CA : Presidio .
   Google Scholar
• Crocker , Chester A. 1981 . “South Africa's Defense Posture: Coping with Vulnerability,” . The Washington Papers , 9 ( 84 ) : 53 Beverly Hills: Sage,
   Google Scholar
• Parker , Frank J. 1983 . South Africa: Lost Opportunities , 144 – 145 . Lexington, MA : Lexington, Books .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsell , Rosalynde . 1981 . “Israel and South Africa: An Unlikely Alliance?” . New York : U.N. Centre Against Apartheid .
   Google Scholar
• Breytenbach , W. J. 1980 . “Israel/South Africa: Isolation and Co‐operation,” . Africa Report , 25 ( 6 ) : 39 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Husain , Azim . 1981 . “The West, South Africa and Israel: A Strategic Triangle,” . Third World Quarterly , 4 ( 1 ) : 44 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , James . 1984 . The Unnatural Alliance: Israel and South Africa , New York : Quartet Books .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys . Diplomacy of Isolation , 160
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , Philip . 1980 . “Race and Counter‐Revolution in South Africa's ‘Total Strategy’,” . Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 18 ( 3 ) : 279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 13 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South African Politics , 45
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , Alexander . 1981 . Social Order and the General Theory of Strategy , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Maechlihg , Charles Jr. 1984 . “Insurgency and Counter‐Insurgency: The Role of Strategic Theory,” . Parameters , 14 ( 3 ) : 37
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 2
   Google Scholar
• Coker . “South Africa,” . 145 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Breytenbach , W. J. 1980 . The Constellation of States: A Consideration , Johannesburg : South Africa Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Breytenbach , W. J. and Cleary , S. 1980 . Two Views on South Africa's Foreign Policy and the Constellation of States , Johannesburg : South Africa Institute of Race Relations .
   Google Scholar
• Gel‐denhuys , Deon . 1979 . “Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa: A Constellation of States,” . International Affairs Bulletin , 2 : 36 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , Wolfgang . 1980 . “A Southern African ‘Constellation of States’: Challenge or Myth?” . South Africa International , 10 : 113 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . “South Africa and the Political Economy of Southern Africa,” . 153 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Botha , C. J. 1981 . “The Constellation of States: Peace‐in‐Pieces?” . South African Yearbook of International Law , 7 : 105 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg , Robert I. “South Africa in Its Region,” . In South Africa and Its Neighbors Edited by: Rotberg and et al. 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys , Deon . 1982 . “The Destabilisation Controversy: An Analysis of a High‐Risk Foreign Policy Option for South Africa,” . Politikon , 9 ( 2 ) : 26 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 33
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South African Politics , 31
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 63
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Rise of the South African Security Establishment , 29
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . “Apartheid and Socialism,” . 301
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 57
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . “South Africa in the Political Economy of Southern Africa,” . 167
   Google Scholar
• Azevedo , Mario J. 1980 . “A Sober Commitment to Liberation? Mozambique and South Africa, 1974–1979,” . African Affairs , 79 ( 317 ) : 567 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 132
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 133
   Google Scholar
• Metz , Steven . 1986 . “The Mozambique National Resistance and South African Foreign Policy,” . African Affairs , 85 ( 341 ) : 491 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legum , Colin . 1983 . “The MNR,” . CSIS Africa Notes , 16
   Google Scholar
• Fauvet , Paul and Gomes , Alves . 1982 . “The ‘Mozambique National Resistance’,” . In AIM (Agenda de Informgao de Mogam‐bique) Information Bulletin , Vol. 69 , Maputo : Mozambique Information Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Issacman , Allen and Issacman , Barbara . 1982 . “South Africa's Hidden War,” . Africa Report , November‐December : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . “Apartheid and Socialism,” . 309 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , Glenn . 1984 . “South Africa's Guerrillas,” . Washington Post , October 8
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 139 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Coker . “South Africa,” . 147
   Google Scholar
• Metz . “The Mozambique National Resistance,” . 499
   Google Scholar
• Issacman , Allen and Issacman , Barbara . 1983 . “In Pursuit of Non‐alignment,” . Africa Report , May‐June : 49
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . Johannesburg Star , January 19
   Google Scholar
• Lopes , Mota . 1986 . “The MNR: Opponents or Bandits?” . Africa Report , January‐February : 68
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , Glenn . 1986 . “War of Attrition Hits Mozambique's Poor,” . Washington Post , May 12
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “South Africa In Its Region,” . 8 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 45 – 46 . 149 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , November 15
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbors , 138
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , July 15
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 138
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 153
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 59
   Google Scholar
• Hallett , R. 1978 . “The South African Intervention in Angola, 1975–76,” . African Affairs , 77 ( 303 ) July
   Google Scholar
• Stephan , G. E. J. and Booysen , H. 1976 . “The Angolan Conflict,” . In Yearbook of International Law 1975 , vol. 1 , 103 – 114 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 156 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . “Apartheid and Socialism,” . 289
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 159
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . “Apartheid and Socialism,” . 292 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . “Apartheid and Socialism,” . 294
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . “Angola and South Africa. Correspondence Concerning Angolan Allegations of South African Military Incursions Into Angola,” . Southern Africa Record , 28 : 18 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . “Angola Invasion: South Africa Builds Its Buffer,” . Southern Africa , 14 ( 5 ) : 19 – 21 . 27
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . “Angola Condemns Invasion, Supports SWAPO,” . Southern Africa , 14 ( 5 ) : 22
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . “Angola: Ten Years of South African Aggression,” . Resister: Journal of the Committee on South African War Resistance , 36 : 12 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . Livre Blanc sur les Agressions du Régime Raciste d'Afrique du Sud Contra la République Populaire d'Angola, 1975–82 , Luanda : Ministère des Relations Extrérieures .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy . 1986 . “Apartheid and Socialism,” p. 283; and David B. Ot‐taway, “Massacre Charges Taint Rebel ‘Freedom Fighter’ Image,” . Washington Post , July 29
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 160 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , October 15
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , June 15
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , Allister . 1985 . “South African Raiders Seen Linked to Zaire,” . Washington Post , May 26
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , January 15
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , July 15
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , December 15
   Google Scholar
• Coker . “South Africa,” . 144
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 110
   Google Scholar
• Leistner , G. M. E. 1983 . “Lesotho and South Africa,” . Africa Institute of South Africa Bulletin , 23 ( 16 )
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 114
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “South Africa in Its Region,” . 5
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Rise of the South African Security Establishment , 30
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “South Africa in Its Region,” . 6
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 117 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , March 15
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , January 15
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg . “South Africa in Its Region,” . 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon . Beggar Your Neighbours , 104 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , July 15
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , Glenn . 1986 . “South Africa Strikes Across Three Borders,” . Washington Post , May 20
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series , June 15
   Google Scholar
• Claiborne , William . 1987 . “Bomb Blast Kills Three in Botswana,” . Washington Post , April 10
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . “South Africans Kill Four in Zambian Raid,” . Washington Post , April 26
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Rise of the South African Security Establishment , 29 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Klerk , W. A. De . 1975 . The Puritans in Africa: A Story of Afri‐kanerdom , London : Rex Collings .
   Google Scholar
• Moodie , T. Dunbar . 1975 . The Rise of Afrikanerdom , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , Leonard . 1985 . The Political Mythology of Apartheid , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , Steven . 1987 . “The Ideology of Terrorist Foreign Policies in Libya and South Africa,” . Conflict , 7 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South African Politics , 22
   Google Scholar
• Jaster . “South Africa's Narrowing Security Options,” . 73
   Google Scholar
• Grundy . The Militarization of South Africa Politics , 23 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . Soldiers Without Politics: Blacks in the South African Armed Forces , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herbst , Jeffrey . 1986 . “Political and Economic Implications of South Africa's Militarization,” . Jerusalem Journal of International Relations , 8 ( 1 ) : 42 – 75 .
   Google Scholar