REFERENCES
- Berg, G.; Lundgaard, L.; Abi-Chebel, N. (2010) Electrically stressed water drops in oil. Chem. Eng. Process., 49: 1229–1240.
- Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M. (2002) Electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water droplets in oil: A review of the technology. Chem. Eng. J. 85:, 357–368.
- Eow, J. S.; Ghadiri, M. (2002) Electrocoalesce-separators for the separation of aqueous drops from a flowing dielectric viscous liquid. Sep. Purif. Technol., 29: 63–77.
- Li, J.; Gu, Y. (2005) Coalescence of oil-in-water emulsions in fibrous and granular beds. Sep. Purif. Technol., 42: 1–13.
- Tsouris, C.; Shin, W. T.; Yiacoumi, S. (1998) Pumping, spraying, and mixing of fluids by electric fields. Chem. Eng. J., 76: 589–599.
- Taylor, S. E. (1996) Theory and practice of electrically-enhanced phase separation of water-in-oil emulsion. Trans. IchemE., 74: 526–540.
- Guthrie, V. B. (1960) The Raw Material, Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas, Petroleum Products Handbook, 1st ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York.
- Das, S. K.; Biswas, M. N. (2003) Separation of oil-water mixture in tank. Chem. Eng. Comm., 190: 116–127.
- Jaworski, A. J.; Dyakowski, T. (2005) Measurement of oil-water separation dynamics in primary separation systems using distributed capacitance sensors. Flow Meas. Instrum., 16: 113–127.
- Simmons, M. J. H.; Komonibo, E.; Azzopardi, B. J.; Dick, D. R. (2004) Residence time distributions and flow behavior within primary crude oil-water separators treating well-head fluids. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 82: 1383–1390.
- Wilkinson, D.; Waldie, B.; Mohamad-Nor, M. I.; Lee, H. I. (2000) Baffle plate configurations to enhance separation in horizontal primary separators. Chem. Eng. J., 77: 221–226.
- Martin, A. D. (2000) Interpretation of residence time distribution data, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55: 5907–5917.
- Frankiewicz, T.; Lee, C. M. (2002) Using CFD simulation to model fluid motion in process vessels on fixed and floating platforms. Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October.
- Dijk, E. V.; Lee, C. M.; Legg, M. (2004) Field confirmation of CFD design for FPSO-mounted separator. Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 3-6 May.
- Patel, D.; Ein-Mozaffari, F.; Mehrvar, M. (2013) Characterization of the continuous-flow mixing of non-Newtonian fluids using the ratio of residence time to batch mixing time. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 91: 1223–1234.
- Ramajo, D. E.; Raviculé, M.; Mocciaro, C.; Weismann, P.; Nigro, N. M. (2012) Numerical and experimental evaluation of skimmer tank technologies for gravity separation of oil in produced water. Mecánica Computacional, 31: 3693–3714.
- Zare, M.; Zokaee Ashtiani, F.; Fouladitajar, A. (2013) CFD modeling and simulation of concentration polarization in microfiltration of oil-water emulsions: Application of an Eulerian multiphase model. Desalination, 324: 37–47.
- Lee, C. M. (2002) Multiphase separators shrunk by up to 50%, Petromin Magazine, January-February.
- Chin, R.W.; Stanbridge, D.I.; Schook, R. (2002) Increasing separation capacity with new and proven technologies. Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October.
- Lu, Y.; Lee, J.; Chase, R.; Rankel, L. (2007) Effect of Internal Baffles on Volumetric Utilization of a FWKO - A CFD Evaluation. Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference, Anaheim, California, USA, 11–14 November.
- Pandiella, S. S.; Garcia, L. A.; Diaz, M.; Webb, C. (1999) Simulation of a two phase flow by CFD: analysis of the computational method. Chem. Eng. Comm., 173: 197–214.
- Hallanger, A.; Soenstaboe, F.; Knutsen, T. (1996) A simulation model for three-phase gravity separators. Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, October, 1996.
- Billingham, J. F. (1992) Modelling of inclined plate separators. Ph.D Diss., UMIST, February.
- Fathi Roudsari, S.; Turcotte, G.; Dhib, R.; Ein-Mozaffari, F. (2012). CFD modeling of the mixing of water in oil emulsions. Comput. Chem. Eng., 45: 124–138.
- Abdulkadir, M.; Hernandez-Prez, V. (2010) The effect of mixture velocity and droplet diameter on oil-water separator using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Word Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 4: 35–43.
- Mohammadi, M.; Shahhosseini, Sh.; Bayat, M. (2012) Direct numerical simulation of water droplet coalescence in the oil. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 36: 58–71.
- Mohammadi, M.; Shahhosseini, Sh.; Bayat, M. (2013) Numerical prediction of the electrical waveform effect on electrocoalescence kinetic. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 91: 904–918.
- Behin, J.; Aghajari, M. (2008) Influence of water level on oil-water separation by residence time distribution curves investigations. Sep. Purif. Technol., 64: 48–55.
- ASTM D-3230 method (2001) Standard test method for determination of bottom sediment and water in heavy crude oil.
- ASTM D-326 method (1997) Standard test method for salts in crude oil: Electrometric method.
- Pietrzak M. (2014) Flow patterns and volume fractions of phases during liquid-liquid two-phase flow in pipe bends. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 54: 247–258.
- Gerlach, D.; Tomar, G.; Biswas, G.; Durst, F. (2006) Comparison of volume-of-fluid methods for surface tension-dominant two-phase flows. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 49: 740–754.
- Gueyffier, D.; Li, J.; Nadim, A.; Scardovelli, R.; Zaleski, S. (1999) Volume of fluid interface tracking with smoothed surface stress methods for three-dimensional flows. J. Comput. Phys., 152: 423–456.
- Melheim, J. A.; Chiesa, M. (2006) Simulation of turbulent electro-coalescence. Chem. Eng. Sci., 61: 4540–4549.
- Zemel, B.; Bowman, R. W. (1978) Residence time distribution in gravity oil-water separations. J. Petrol. Technol., 30: 275–282.
- Blet, V.; Berne, P.; Legoupil, S.; Vitart, X. (2000) Radioactive tracing as aid for diagnosing chemical reactors. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 55: 171–183.
- McLelland, W. G.; Alaska, A.; Garcia, M. (1998) Investigation into oil/water separation problems utilizing RTD testing and fluid properties. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Thýn, J.; Žitný, R. (2004) Radioactive applications for the analysis of complex flow structure in industrial apparatuses. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B. 231: 339–347.