2,179
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Extraction

Zirconium and hafnium separation with molten salt extraction in Sn–Cu–Zr–Hf and Cu–Zr–Hf alloy systems

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1664-1674 | Received 03 Nov 2015, Accepted 22 Mar 2016, Published online: 26 May 2016

References

  • Banda, R.; Lee, H.Y.; Lee, M.S. (2012) Separation of Zr from Hf in hydrochloric acid solution using amine-based extractants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51: 9652–9660.
  • Li, H.; Nersisyan, H.; Park, K.; Park, S.; Kim, J.; Lee, J. (2011) Nuclear-grade zirconium prepared by combining combustion synthesis with molten-salt electrorefining technique. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 413: 107–113.
  • van Arkel, A.E.; de Boer, J.H. (1925) Darstellung von reinem Titanium-, Zirkonium-, Hafnium- und Thoriummetall. Zeitschrift Für Anorganische Und Allgemeine Chemie, 148: 345–350.
  • Xu, L.; Xiao, Y.; van Sandwijk, A.; Xu, Q.; Yang, Y. (2015) Production of nuclear grade zirconium: a review. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 466: 21–28.
  • Vinarov, I.V. (1967) Modern methods of separating zirconium and hafnium. Russian Chemical Reviews, 36: 522–536.
  • Yang, X.J.; Pin, C.; Fane, A.G. (1999) Separation of hafnium from zirconium by extraction chromatography with liquid anionic exchangers. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 37: 171–179.
  • Levitt, E.H.; Freund, A. (1956) Extraction of zirconium by TBP. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 78: 1545–1549.
  • Voit, D.O. (1980) Equilibrium distribution behavior of zircony-hafnyl thiocyanates between methyl-isobutyl-ketone and aqueous phases. ISEC’80 proceedings, Belgium: 59–80.
  • Mallikarjunan, R.; Sehra, J.C. (1989) Pyrometallurgical processes for the separation of hafnium from zirconium. Bulletin of Materials Science, 12: 407–434.
  • Flengas, S.N.; Dutrizac, J.E. (1977) A new process for the separation of hafnium from zirconium. Metallurgical Transactions B, 8B: 377–385.
  • Besson, P.; Guerin, J.; Brun, P.; Bakes, M. Process for the separation of zirconium and hafnium tetrachlorides from mixtures thereof. U.S. Patent 4021531, May 3, 1977.
  • McLaughlin, D.F.; Stoltz, R.A. Zirconium and hafnium tetrachloride separation by extractive distillation with molten zinc chloride lead chloride solvent. U.S. Patent 4737244, April 12, 1988.
  • Sathiyamoorthy, D.; Shetty, S.M.; Bose, D.K.; Gupta, C.K. (1999) Pyrochemical separation of zirconium and hafnium tetra-chlorides using fused salt extractive distillation process. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 18: 213–226.
  • Niselson, L.A.; Egorov, E.A.; Chuvilina, E.L.; Arzhatkina, O.A.; Fedorov, V.D. (2009) Solid-liquid and liquid-vapor equilibria in the Zr(Hf)Cl4-KAlCl4 systems: A basis for the extractive distillation separation of zirconium and hafnium tetrachlorides. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 54: 726–729.
  • Kirihara, T.; Nakagawa, I.; Seki, Y.; Honda, Y. Process of separation of hafnium from zirconium by molten salt electrolysis. U.S. Patent 4857155, August 15, 1989.
  • Kirihara, T.; Nakagawa, I.; Seki, Y.; Honda, Y.; Ichihara, Y. Process for separation of hafnium tetrachloride from zirconium tetrachloride. U.S. Patent 5009751, April 23, 1991.
  • Salylev, A.B.; Kudyakov, V.Y.; Smirnov, M.V.; Moskalenko, N.I. (1985) Separation of hafnium and zirconium in solution of their tetrchlorides in molten alkali-metal chlorides. Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, 57: 1710.
  • Megy, J.A.; Freund, H. (1979) The separation of zirconium and hafnium in a molten salt-molten zinc system. Metallurgical Transactions B, 10B: 413–421.
  • Xiao, Y.; van Sandwijk, A. Process for separating hafnium and zirconium. European Patent 20090160442, November 18, 2010.
  • Xiao, Y.; van Sandwijk, A.; Yang, Y.; Laging, V. (2014) New routes for the production of reactor grade zirconium. Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology, 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 391–401.
  • Roine, A. (2007) HSC Chemistry, Version 6.1, Outotec Research Oy, Pori, Finland.
  • Pi, C.; Li, G.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Yang, Y. (2014) An experimental investigation on the solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloys. Advanced Materials Research, 887–888:324–328.
  • Okamoto, H. (2012) Cu-Zr (Copper-Zirconium). The Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 33: 417–418.