Recent Explorations Into the Etiology of Reading Difficulties: Insights from Language and Cognition

References

• Borkowski , J. , Carr , M. and Pressley , M. 1987 . “Spontaneous” strategy use: Perspectives from metacognitive theory . Intelligence , 11 : 61 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , A. , Campione , J. and Barclay , C. 1978 . Training self‐checking routines for estimating test readiness: Generalization from list learning to prose recall . Child Development , 50 : 501 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. , Campione , J. and Day , J. 1981 . Learning to learn: On training students to learn from texts . Educational Researcher , 10 : 14 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. and Ferrara , R. 1985 . “ Diagnosing zones of proximal development ” . In Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives , Edited by: Wertsch , J. 273 – 305 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cataldo , S. and Ellis , N. 1988 . Interactions in the development of spelling, reading and phonological skills . Journal of Research in Reading , 11 : 86 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Chall , J. 1979 . “ The great debate: Ten years later, with a modest proposal for reading stages ” . In Theory and practice of early reading , Edited by: Resnick , L. and Weaver , P. Vol. 1 , 29 – 55 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Downing , J. 1984 . “ Task awareness in the development of reading skill ” . In Language awareness and learning to read , Edited by: Downing , J. and Valtin , R. 27 – 55 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , G. , Roehler , L. , Meloth , M. , Vavrus , L. , Book , C. , Putnam , J. and Wesselman , R. 1986 . The relationship between explicit verbal explanations during reading skill instruction and student awareness and achievement: A study of reading teacher effects . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 237 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkin , D. 1978/1979 . What classroom observation reveals about reading comprehension instruction . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 515 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. and Large , B. 1987 . The development of reading: As you seek so shall you find . British Journal of Psychology , 78 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. and Large , B. 1988 . The early stages of reading: A longitudinal study . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 2 : 47 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entwistle , N. 1981 . Styles of learning and teaching , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fitts , P. and Posner , M. 1967 . Human performance , Belmont, California : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Flavell , J. 1979 . Metacognition and cognitive monitoring . American Psychologist , 34 : 906 – 911 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilroy , A. and Moore , D. 1988 . Reciprocal teaching of comprehension‐fostering and comprehension‐monitoring activities with ten primary school girls . Educational Psychology , 72 : 701 – 705 .
   Google Scholar
• Guttentag , R. and Haith , M. 1980 . A longitudinal study of word processing by first‐grade children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 701 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , P. , Kruithof , A. , Terwogt , M. and Visser , T. 1981 . Children's detection and awareness of textual anomaly . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 31 : 212 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirosa , T. and Hatta , T. 1988 . Reading disabilities in modern Japanese children . Journal of Research in Reading , 11 : 152 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Kyostio , O. 1980 . “ Is learning to read easy in a language in which the grapheme‐phoneme correspondences are regular? ” . In Orthography, reading and dyslexia , Edited by: Kavanagh , J. and Venezky , R. 35 – 49 . Baltimore, MD : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg , I. , Frost , J. and Petersen , O‐P. 1988 . Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children . Reading Research Quarterly , 23 : 263 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makita , K. 1968 . The rarity of reading disability in Japanese children . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 38 : 599 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman , E. and Gorin , L. 1981 . Children's ability to adjust their standards for evaluating comprehension . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 320 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattingly , I. 1972 . “ Reading, the linguistic process, and linguistic awareness ” . In Language by ear and by eye: The relationships between speech and reading , Edited by: Kavanagh , J. and Mattingly , I. 133 – 147 . Cambridge : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum , D. and Asarnow , J. 1979 . “ Cognitive‐behavior modification and metacognitive development: Implications for the classroom ” . In Cognitive‐behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures , Edited by: Kendall , P. and Hollon , S. 11 – 35 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1976 . Cognition and reality , San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Niemi , P.M‐L. 1988 . Adolescents and the family: Images and experiences of family life in Finland , Turku, , Finland : Annales Universitatis Turkuensis . Ser. B Tom. 181.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson , A. and Lundberg , I. 1983 . Can phonemic awareness be trained in kindergarten? . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 24 : 35 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oney , B. and Goldman , S. 1984 . Decoding and comprehension skills in Turkish and English: Effects of the regularity of grapheme‐phoneme correspondences . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 557 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owings , R. , Peterson , G. , Bransford , J. , Morris , C. and Stein , B. 1980 . Spontaneous monitoring and regulation of learning: A comparison of successful and less successful fifth‐graders . Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 250 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palincsar , A. and Brown , A. 1984 . Reciprocal teaching of comprehension fostering and monitoring activities . Cognition and Instruction , 1 : 117 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Paris , S. 1986 . Teaching children to guide their reading and learning , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Pickens , J. and McNaughton , S. 1988 . Peer tutoring of comprehension strategies . Educational Psychology , 8 : 67 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Reeve , R. and Brown , A. 1985 . Metacognition reconsidered: Implications for intervention research . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 13 : 343 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinehart , S. , Stahl , S. and Erickson , L. 1986 . Some effects of summarization training on reading and studying . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 422 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. 1981 . “ Schemata: The building blocks of cognition ” . In Comprehension and teaching: Research reviews , Edited by: Guthrie , J. 3 – 26 . Newark, Delaware : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 360 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. , Cunningham , A. and Feeman , D. 1984 . The relationship between early reading acquisition and word decoding with and without context: A longitudinal study of first‐grade children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 668 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. , West , R. and Feeman , D. 1981 . A longitudinal study of sentence context effects in second‐grade children: Tests of an interactive‐compensatory model . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 32 : 185 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taube , K. 1988 . Reading acquisition and self‐concept , Umea, Sweden : University of Umea .
   Google Scholar
• Torneus , M. 1986 . Pa tal om sprak. Spraklig medvetenhet hos barn , Uppsala, Sweden : Almqvist & Wiksell .
   Google Scholar
• Torneus , M. , Hedstrom , G‐B. and Lundberg , I. 1986 . Pa tal om sprak. Lekar o ovningar , Uppsala, Sweden : Almqvist & Wiksell .
   Google Scholar
• Valtin , R. 1984 . “ The development of metalinguistic abilities in children learning to read and write ” . In Language awareness and learning to read , Edited by: Downing , J. and Valtin , R. 207 – 226 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Vauras , M. , Naskali , T. and Salonen , P. The internalization of learning skills in social interaction: Training children with learning disabilities . Paper presented at the 2nd European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction . Tubingen. FRG .
   Google Scholar
• Vauras , M. and Silven , M. 1985 . The development of metacognition in school age. A review of research on learning from texts , University of Turku, Finland : Department of Psychology . (Report No. 75 ‐ in Finnish)
   Google Scholar
• Venezky , R. 1973 . Letter‐sound generalizations of first‐, second‐, and third‐grade Finnish children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 64 : 228 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , S. 1978 . Mind in society , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. and Torgeson , J. 1987 . The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 192 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , H. 1982 . Memory development in adolescence: Relationships between metamemory, strategy use, and performance . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 33 : 183 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. and Stanovich , K. 1978 . Automatic contextual facilitation in readers of three ages . Child Development , 49 : 717 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzlack , G. 1977 . Grundlagen der Psychodiagnostik , Berlin : VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , P. , Bruner , J. and Ross , G. 1976 . The role of tutoring in problem solving . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 17 : 89 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar