References
- Abrami, P. C., R. M. Bernard, E. Borokhovski, D. I. Waddington, C. A. Wade, and T. Persson. 2015. “Strategies for Teaching Students to Think Critically: A Meta-Analysis.” Review of Educational Research 85 (2): 275–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314551063.
- Abrami, P. C., R. M. Bernard, E. Borokhovski, A. Wade, M. A. Surkes, R. Tamim, and D. Zhang. 2008. “Instructional Interventions Affecting Critical Thinking Skills and Dispositions: A Stage 1 Meta-Analysis.” Review of Educational Research 78 (4): 1102–1134. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308326084.
- Ahopelto, I., M. Mikkilä-Erdmann, E. Olkinuora, and P. Kääpä. 2011. “A Follow up of Medical Students’ Biomedical Understanding and Clinical Reasoning Concerning the Cardiovascular System.” Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory & Practice 16 (5): 655–668. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-011-9286-3.
- Australian Industry & Skills Committee. 2019. “Sport, Fitness and Recreation.” Accessed November 21, 2019. Australian Industry & Skills Committee.
- Australian Qualifications Framework Council. 2013. Australian Qualifications Framework. 2nd ed. https://www.aqf.edu.au/sites/aqf/files/aqf-2nd-edition-january-2013.pdf.
- Badenhorst, E., S. Mamede, N. Hartman, and H. G. Schmidt. 2015. “Exploring Lecturers’ Views of First-Year Students’ Misconceptions in Biomedical Domains.” Advances in Health Sciences Education 20 (2): 403–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-014-9535-3.
- Barnes, K., B. Desbrow, and L. Ball. 2016. “Personal Trainers are Confident in Their Ability to Provide Nutrition Care: a Cross Sectional Investigation.” Public Health 140: 39–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.08.020.
- Bennie, J. A., G. H. Wiesner, J. G. Z. van Uffelen, J. T. Harvey, and S. J. H. Biddle. 2017. “Sources of Practice Knowledge among Australian Fitness Trainers.” Translational Behavioral Medicine 7 (4): 741–750. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0482-4.
- Blessing, S. B., and J. S. Blessing. 2010. “PsychBusters: A Means of Fostering Critical Thinking in the Introductory Course.” Teaching of Psychology 37 (3): 178–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00986283.2010.488540.
- Chi, M. T. H. 2005. “Commonsense Conceptions of Emergent Processes: Why Some Misconceptions are Robust.” Journal of the Learning Sciences 14 (2): 161–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls1402_1.
- Crawford-Ferre, H. G., and L. R. Wiest. 2012. “Effective Online Instruction in Higher Education.” Quarterly Review of Distance Education 13 (1): 11–14. http://www.siue.edu/~lmillio/IT598/Resources/04_assessment/Effective%20Online%20Instruction.pdf.
- De Lyon, A. T. C., and C. J. Cushion. 2013. “The Acquisition and Development of Fitness Trainers’ Professional Knowledge.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27 (5): 1407–1422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182653cc1.
- Dietz-Uhler, B., and J. R. Lanter. 2009. “Using the Four-Questions Technique to Enhance Learning.” Teaching of Psychology 36: 38–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00986280802529327.
- Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39 (2): 175–191. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
- Fitness Australia. 2014. Position Statement: Scope of Practice for Registered Exercise Professionals. https://fitness.org.au/articles/policies-guidelines/scope-of-practice-for-ausreps/4/38/20.
- Fitness Australia. 2016. Profile of the Fitness Industry in Australia: Fitness Industry Workforce 2016. https://fitness.org.au/articles/category/profile-of-the-australian-fitness-industry-2016/108/19.
- Fong, C. J., Y. Kim, C. W. Davis, T. Hoang, and Y. W. Kim. 2017. “A Meta-Analysis on Critical Thinking and Community College Student Achievement.” Thinking Skills and Creativity 26: 71–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.06.002.
- Frederick, S. 2005. “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (4): 25–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196732.
- Gavin, J. 1996. “Personal Trainers’ Perceptions of Role Responsibilities, Conflicts, and Boundaries.” Ethics and Behavior 6 (1): 55–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0601_4.
- Gonczi, A., and P. Hager. 2010. “The Competency Model.” International Encyclopedia of Education 8: 403–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00790-9.
- Hughes, S., F. Lyddy, R. Kaplan, A. L. Nichols, H. Miller, C. G. Saad, K. Dukes, and A. Lynch. 2015. “Highly Prevalent but not Always Persistent: Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Misconceptions about Psychology.” Teaching of Psychology 42 (1): 34–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628314562677.
- Jackson, D., and E. Chapman. 2012. “Non-technical Competencies in Undergraduate Business Degree Programs: Australian and UK Perspectives.” Studies in Higher Education 37 (5): 541–567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.527935.
- Jeffery, R. W., R. R. Wing, C. Thorson, and L. R. Burton. 1998. “Use of Personal Trainers and Financial Incentives to Increase Exercise in a Behavioral Weight-Loss Program.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (5): 777–783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.5.777.
- Jolley, D., M. Davis, and A. P. Lavender. 2019. “Misconceptions in the Knowledge of Tertiary Exercise Science and Vocational Fitness Students.” International Journal of Training Research 16 (3): 267–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14480220.2019.1576314.
- Jolley, D., M. Davis, and A. P. Lavender. in press. “Misconceptions in the Knowledge of Vocational Fitness Students and Graduates.” Australian Journal of Adult Learning.
- Kruseman, M., V. Misarez, and B. Kayser. 2008. “Knowledge about Nutrition and Weight Loss among Fitness Instructors: a Cross-Sectional Study in Geneva, Switzerland.” Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie 56 (4): 156–160. http://www.sgsm.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Zeitschrift/56-2008-4/Nutrition_Krusemann.pdf.
- Kuhn, D. 1999. “A Developmental Model of Critical Thinking.” Educational Researcher 28 (2): 16–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X028002016.
- Lewandowsky, S., U. K. H. Ecker, C. M. Seifert, N. Schwarz, and J. Cook. 2012. “Misinformation and its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3): 106–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018.
- Liberali, J. M., V. F. Reyna, S. Furlan, L. M. Stein, and S. T. Pardo. 2012. “Individual Differences in Numeracy and Cognitive Reflection, with Implications for Biases and Fallacies in Probability Judgment.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 25 (4): 361–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.752.
- Lloyd, C. 2008. “Recruiting for Fitness: Qualifications and the Challenges of an Employer-led System.” Journal of Education and Work 21 (3): 175–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080802214019.
- Malek, M. H., D. P. Nalbone, D. E. Berger, and J. W. Coburn. 2002. “Importance of Health Science Information for Personal Fitness Trainers.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 16 (1): 19–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0019:IOHSEF>2.0.CO;2.
- Marin, L. M., and D. F. Halpern. 2011. “Pedagogy for Developing Critical Thinking in Adolescents: Explicit Instruction Produces Greatest Gains.” Thinking Skills and Creativity 6: 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2010.08.002.
- McKean, M., L. Mitchell, H. O’Connor, T. Prvan, and G. Slater. 2019. “Are Exercise Professionals fit to Provide Nutrition Advice? An Evaluation of General Nutrition Knowledge.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (3): 264–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.018.
- McKean, M. R., G. Slater, F. Oprescu, and B. J. Burkett. 2015. “Do the Nutrition Qualifications and Professional Practices of Registered Exercise Professionals Align?” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25 (2): 154–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0051.
- Meyer, A., E. Zhou, and S. Frederick. 2018. “The non-Effects of Repeated Exposure to the Cognitive Reflection Test.” Judgement and Decision Making 13 (3): 246–259. http://www.decisionsciencenews.com/sjdm/journal.sjdm.org/18/18228a/jdm18228a.pdf.
- Michael, J. A. 2007. “What Makes Physiology Hard for Students to Learn? Results of a Faculty Survey.” Advances in Physiology Education 31: 34–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00057.2006.
- Morton, J. P., D. A. Doran, and D. P. M. Maclaren. 2008. “Common Student Misconceptions in Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry.” Advances in Physiology Education 32 (2): 142–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00095.2007.
- Newlin, M. H., and A. Y. Wang. 2002. “Predictors of web-Student Performance: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Reasons for Taking an on-Line Class.” Computers in Human Behaviour 18: 151–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00042-5.
- Nybo, L., and M. May. 2015. “Effectiveness of Inquiry-Based Learning in an Undergraduate Exercise Physiology Course.” Advances in Physiology Education 39 (2): 76–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00161.2014.
- Oechssler, J., A. Roider, and P. W. Schmitz. 2009. “Cognitive Abilities and Behavioural Biases.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 72 (1): 147–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.018.
- Pennycook, G., J. A. Cheyne, P. Seli, D. J. Koehler, and J. A. Fugelsang. 2012. “Analytic Cognitive Style Predicts Religious and Paranormal Belief.” Cognition 123 (3): 335–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.003.
- Pithers, R. T., and R. Soden. 2000. “Critical Thinking in Education: A Review.” Educational Research 42 (3): 237–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/001318800440579.
- Ratamess, N. A., A. D. Faigenbaum, J. R. Hoffman, and J. Kang. 2008. “Self-selected Resistance Training Intensity in Healthy Women: The Influence of a Personal Trainer.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22 (1): 103–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f29cc.
- Richardson, L. A., C. L. Fister, and S. E. Ramlo. 2015. “Effect of an Exercise and Weight Control Curriculum: Views of Obesity among Exercise Science Students.” Advances in Physiology Education 39: 43–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00154.2014.
- Robertson, I. 2008. “VET Teachers’ Knowledge and Expertise.” International Journal of Training Research 6 (1): 1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.5172/ijtr.6.1.1.
- Stacey, D., M. Hopkins, K. B. Adamo, and D. Prud’homme. 2010. “Knowledge Translation to Fitness Trainers: a Systematic Review.” Implementation Science 5 (1): 28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-28.
- Taber, K. S. 2018. “The use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education.” Research in Science Education 48: 1273–1296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2.
- Tiruneh, D. T., A. Verburgh, and J. Elen. 2014. “Effectiveness of Critical Thinking Instruction in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies.” Higher Education Studies 4 (1): 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v4n1p1.
- Toplak, M. E., R. F. West, and K. E. Stanovich. 2011. “The Cognitive Reflection Test as a Predictor of Performance on Heuristics-and-Biases Tasks.” Memory and Cognition 39: 1275–1289. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1.
- Toplak, M. E., R. F. West, and K. E. Stanovich. 2014. “Assessing Miserly Information Processing: An Expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test.” Thinking and Reasoning 20 (2): 147–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2013.844729.
- Walker, L. 2006. “Narrated PowerPoint as a Self-Learning Resource.” International Journal of Learning 13 (12): 1–5. https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/items/cb23d414-6b54-4620-9677-f39a04973789/1/PDF%20%28Published%20version%29.pdf?.vi=save.
- Whitney, E., S. R. Rolfes, T. Crowe, D. Cameron-Smith, and A. Walsh. 2011. Understanding Nutrition: Australia and New Zealand Edition. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning.
- Zenko, Z., and P. Ekkekakis. 2015. “Knowledge of Exercise Prescription Guidelines among Certified Exercise Professionals.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29 (5): 1422–1432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000771.