Notes and References
- A special issue of Yale French Studies . 1982 . exploring the link between pedagogy and pederasty Edited by: Johnson , B. is given over to the theme of “The pedagogical imperative: teaching as a literary genre” and examines, among other things, the erotics of classroom encounters
- Wilson , R. 1984 . “Metaphors in educational fiction” . In Metaphors of education , Edited by: Taylor , W. 114 – 133 . London : Heinemann . A notable exception to this abstinence is the work of Maxine Greene, who has argued that literature can be used to reveal much history and philosophy of education, though, interestingly, for didactic rather than research purposes. See her “Qualitative research and the use of literature” (ed.) R.R. Webb R.B. [eds.], Qualitative research in education: focus and methods, [London: Falmer Press, 1988], 179‐189
- Bradbury , M. July . “ The social context of modern English literature [Oxford: Blackwell, 1972] ” . In “Sociology and literature: the voice of fact and the writing of fiction” for insightful analysis of the sociological possibilities of literature, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology Edited by: McHoul , A. Vol. 24(2) , July , 209 – 225 . 1988
- Wolf Lepenies offers an excellent examination of the links and conflicts between late nineteenth century and sociology, and provides an interesting description of the birth of modern realism. Its most fervent exponent, Emile Zola, saw himself as an ethologist, describing the vagaries of human behaviour, under the stress of different circumstances. [Between literature and science: the rise of sociology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988]
- Collins , P. 1980 . “Hardy and education” . In Thomas Hardy: the writer and his background , Edited by: Page , N. 41 – 75 . London : Bell and Hyam .
- Williams , R. and Williams , M. “Hardy and social class” . In ibid. 29 – 40 .
- Wiener , M.J. 1850‐1980 . English culture and the decline of the industrial spirit , Harmondsworth : Penguin . 1980. In fact some critics, notably W. J. Hyde, have suggested that Hardy's flawed idylls, tend to exclude the more sordid sides of rustic life. ["Hardy's view of realism: a key to the rustic characters”, Victorian Studies, Vol. 2, September 1958, 45‐59]
- Bell , T. 1969 . “Thomas Hardy and social change” . In Southern Review , Edited by: Williams , M. Vol. 3(3) , 199 – 213 . London : Macmillan 1972 . Thomas Hardy and rural England
- In the Preface to Far from the Madding Crowd"modern Wessex” is described as a place of “railways, the penny post, mowing and reaping machines, union workhouses, lucifer matches, labourers who could read and write, and National school children”
- 1974 . The English novel from Dickens to Lawrence , 81 St. Albans : Paladin .
- Huss , R. 1967 . “Social change and moral decay in the novels of Thomas Hardy” . Dalhousie Review , 47 : 28 – 44 .
- Orel , H. , ed. 1967 . “The profitable reading of fiction” . In Thomas Hardy's personal writings , 110 – 125 . London : Macmillan . See the Preface to Jude the Obscurefor insights into Hardy's epistemology and
- Chase , M.E. 1964 . Thomas Hardy, from serial to novel , New York : Russell and Russell . Publishers helped to shape Hardy's themes and subject matter. The major novels and their serial versions are dissimilar in the boldness of their subject matter
- Hardy , F.E. 1972 . The life of Thomas Hardy 1840‐1928 , 284 – 5 . London : Macmillan .
- de Laura , D. 1967 . “'The ache of modernism’ in Hardy's later novels” . Journal of English literary history , 34 September : 380 – 399 .
- Wickens , G.G. 1981 . “Literature and science: Hardy's response to Mill, Huxley and Darwin” . Mosaic , XIV ( 3 ) Summer : 63 – 79 . A reflection of the influence of J.S. Mill. See
- Purdy , R.L. and Millgate , M. , eds. 1980 . The collected letters of Thomas Hardy, Vol. Two, 1893‐1901 , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Letter to Florence Henniker, 18‐7‐1883
- Pinion , F. , ed. 1977 . Thomas Hardy: art and thought , 37 London : Macmillan . From Thomas Hardy's diaries, cited
- Gittings , R. 1980 . Young Thomas Hardy , 4 Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Millgate . pp. 55 . op. cit.
- Thomas , Hardy's . 1974 . Jude the Obscure , 9 – 20 . London : Macmillan . Hardy's faith in the future is not borne out by the actuality of Oxford in our present day, according to Terry Eagleton. See his “Introduction” to
- Hurt , J. 1971 . Education in evolution: church, state, society and popular education 1800‐1870 , London : Rupert Hart‐Davies . For more on the National and British schools movement, see
- Lawson , J. and Silver , H. 1973 . A social history of education in England , London : Methuen .
- Horn , P. 1978 . Education in rural England 1800‐1914 , Dublin : Gill and Macmillan .
- Mill , J.S. 1971 . Autobiography , London : Oxford University Press . “Inaugural address at the University of St. Andrews” Garforth, F.W. John Stuart Mill on education, New York. Teachers College Press, 1971 pp. 151‐229. Hardy was often consulted for his views on education, as is instanced by a letter to the educational reformer Mary Christie [11‐4‐1883], in which he supports art education in the National Schools [Purdy R.W. Millgate M., op. cit.]. If these views corresponded with those of his wife, who wrote a long letter on the subject of schooling to the Daily Chronicle,then it would seem that Hardy supported the approach to schooling advocated by Matthew Arnold. See Gittings R. The older Hardy Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1978; 94
- Abel Little [Mayor of Casterbridge]and Anna in the “Western Circuit” [Life's Little Ironies]appear to be the only exceptions where this is concerned
- pp. 28 . There was one school per 220 and 260 inhabitants in Dorset in the 1830s and something like 62% of the population was literate. Horn, op. cit.
- 1972 . The making of the English working class , Harmondsworth : Penguin . Also, Johnson R. “Notes on the schooling of the English working class 1780‐1850” Dale R., Esland G., MacDonald M., Schooling and capitalism: a sociological reader London, Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976, 44‐54
- Bakhtin , M. 1981 . The dialogic imagination: four essays , Austin : University of Texas Press .
- Pinion , F.B. 1984 . A Hardy companion: a guide to the works of Thomas Hardy and their background , 141 London : Macmillan .
- Orel , H. , ed. “The Dorsetshire Labourer” . In op. cit.
- Ibid
- Williams , R. 1964 . “Thomas Hardy” . Critical Quarterly , VI : 341 – 351 . Winter
- This is also an instance of Hardy's Arnoldian streak, the conflict between Hellenism and Hebraism, between right thought and right action. [See de Laura, op. cit.]
- Hardy's Darwinian sensibility was such that he believed that the human race's mental state was out of kilter with its corporeal form, that the nervous state of human conditions was more highly developed than the natural environment, causing unhappiness and an obstacle for a higher existence. See Hardy F.E., op. cit., pp. 218
- There was a debate in the House of Commons in 1888 on the opportunity potential of state education. Millgate, op. cit., pp. 346
- Kitteringham , J. 1975 . “Country work girls in nineteenth century England” . In Village life and labour , Edited by: Samuel , R. 73 – 138 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Schooling was subservient to the exigencies of agricultural life, and like many children of the time Jude was initiated into that life working as a human scarecrow, scaring birds away from the crops, doing what was called “tenting”. See
- Braverman , H. 1974 . Labor and monopoly capital , New York : Monthly Review Press .
- Hyman , V.R. 1975 . Ethical perspectives in the novels of Thomas Hardy , Port Washington, N.Y. : Kennikat Press .
- Purdy , R.L. and Millgate , M. 1982 . The collected letters of Thomas Hardy, Vol. 3, 1902‐1908 , Oxford : Oxford University Press . See letter to F. Harrison [11‐3‐1908]