Treatment process differences with and without an ambulance offload zone

References

• Almehdawe, E., Jewkes, B., & He, Q. (2013). A Markovian queueing model for ambulance offload delays. European Journal of Operational Research, 226(3), 602–614. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2012.11.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almehdawe, E., Jewkes, B., & He, Q. (2016). Analysis and optimization of an ambulance offload delay and allocation problem. Omega, 65, 148–158. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2016.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Hospital Association. (2014). Toolkit to reduce ambulance patient offload delays in the emergency department. California Hospital Association.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, A. J. E., Gould, J. B., Vanberkel, P., Jensen, J. L., Cook, J., Carrigan, S., Wheatley, M. R., & Travers, A. H. (2015). Offload zones to mitigate emergency medical services (EMS) offload delay in the emergency department: A process map and hazard analysis. CJEM, 17(6), 670–678. doi:10.1017/cem.2015.15
   Google Scholar
• Carter, A., Elliott, M., VanBerkel, P., Wheatley, M., Jensen, J., Cook, J., Carrigan, S. A., Wheatley, M. R., & Travers, A. H. (2018). The offload zone to mitigate emergency medical services offload delay in the emergency department. Working Paper. Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University.
   Google Scholar
• City of Toronto. (2009). Hospital offload delay status update. City of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Clarey, A., Allen, M., Brace-McDonnell, S., & Cooke, M. W. (2014). Ambulance handovers: Can a dedicated ED nurse solve the delay in ambulance turnaround times? Emergency Medicine Journal, 31(5), 419–420. doi:10.1136/emermed-2012-202258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone, D. C., Middleton, P. M., & Marashi Pour, S. (2012). Analysis and impact of delays in ambulance to emergency department handovers. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 24(5), 525–533. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2012.01589.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney, D. R., Millin, M. G., Carter, A., Lawner, B. J., Nable, J. V., & Wallus, H. J. (2011). Ambulance diversion and emergency department offload delay: Resource document for the national association of EMS physicians position statement. Prehospital Emergency Care, 15(4), 555–561. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.608871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corman, M. (2017). Paramedics on and off the streets: Emergency medical services in the age of technological governance. University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crilly, J., Keijzers, G., Tippett, V., O'Dwyer, J., Lind, J., Bost, N., O'Dwyer, M., Shiels, S., & Wallis, M. (2015). Improved outcomes for emergency department patients whose ambulance off- stretcher time is not delayed. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 27(3), 216–224. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.12399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlet, R. W., & Richards, J. R. (2002). Emergency department overcrowding in Florida, New York, and Texas. Southern Medical Journal, 95(8), 846–850. doi:10.1097/00007611-200295080-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlet, R. W., Richards, J. R., & Kravitz, R. L. (2001). Frequent overcrowding in US emergency departments. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(2), 151–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01280.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond, P., & Weidner, J. (2016). Ambulances on the front lines. The Record. https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/2016/12/16/ambulances-on-the-front-lines.html
   Google Scholar
• Eckstein, M., & Chan, L. S. (2004). The effect of emergency department crowding on paramedic ambulance availability. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 43(1), 100–105. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(03)00747-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, P. (2017). Soaring off-load delays storming toward record levels in 2017. Niagara This Week.
   Google Scholar
• Greaves, T., Mitchell, M., Zhang, P., & Crilly, J. (2017). The impact of an Emergency Department ambulance offload nurse role: A retrospective comparative study. International Emergency Nursing, 32, 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2016.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagtvedt, R., Ferguson, M., Griffin, P., Jones, G., Keskinocak, P. (2009). Cooperative strategies to reduce ambulance diversion. In Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (pp. 1861–1874).
   Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen, R. P., Luoma, J., & Saarinen, E. (2013). On the importance of behavioral operational research: The case of understanding and communicating about dynamic systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 228(3), 623–634. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handel, D. A., Pines, J., Aronsky, D., Genes, N., Ginde, A. A., Hackman, J., Hilton, J. A., Hwang, U., Kamali, M., Powell, E., Sattarian, M., & Fu, R. (2011). Variations in crowding and ambulance diversion in nine emergency departments. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(9), 941–946. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01149.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. G. (2011). Operations research tools for addressing current challenges in emergency medical services. In J. J. Cochran (Ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hendry, L. (2012, August 30). $$$for ambulance offloading. The Belleville Intelligencer. http://www.intelligencer.ca/2012/08/30/-for-ambulance-offloading.
   Google Scholar
• Karim, S., Carter, A., Ferguson, J., Bessonnette, J., Fraser, J., & Travers, A. (2009). The evolution of offload delay over a six year period in a provincial EMS system (abstract). Prehospital Emergency Care, 13(1), 91.
   Google Scholar
• Knuth, D. E. (1973). The art of computer programming. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Laan, C. M., Vanberkel, P. T., Boucherie, R. J., & Carter, A. J. (2016). Offload zone patient selection criteria to reduce ambulance offload delay. Operations Research for Health Care, 11, 13–19. doi:10.1016/j.orhc.2016.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagoe, R. J., & Jastremski, M. S. (1990). Relieving overcrowded emergency departments through ambulance diversion. Hospital Topics, 68(3), 23–27. doi:10.1080/00185868.1990.10543675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leegon, J., Hoot, N., Aronsky, D., Storkey, A. (2007). Predicting ambulance diversion in an adult emergency department using a Gaussian process. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Vanberkel, P. T., & Carter, A. J. (2019). A review on ambulance offload delay literature. Health Care Management Science, 22(4), 658–675. doi:10.1007/s10729-018-9450-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majedi, M. (2008). A queueing model to study ambulance offload delays (pp. 1–153). UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4019.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. (2016). Ontario investing $16 million to improve care in emergency rooms. Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, K., Hemlin, A., & Furlong, G. (2013). Offload delay—returning paramedic unit hours to the street: The Ottawa approach. Canadian Paramedicine.
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Auditor General of Ontario. (2012). 2012 annual report. Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Ottawa Paramedic Service. (2014). 2013 Annual Report.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Nafarrate, A., Fowler, J., Wu, T. (2011). Design of centralized ambulance diversion policies using simulation-optimization. In Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (pp. 1251–1262).
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, B. (2015). Transfer of care and offload delay: Continued resistance or integrative thinking? Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(6), 679–684. doi:10.1017/cem.2014.62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, E., Verter, V., Colacone, A., & Afilalo, M. (2006). The in-hospital interval: A description of EMT time spent in the emergency department. Prehospital Emergency Care, 10(3), 378–382. doi:10.1080/10903120600725884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterman, J. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar