“This is not a Life Anyone would want”—A Qualitative Study of Norwegian ACT Service users' Experience with Mental Health Treatment

References

• Aakerholt, A. (2013). ACT handbook (2nd edition), Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Hamar.
   Google Scholar
• Angell, B., Mahoney, C. A., & Martinez, N. I. (2006). Promoting treatment adherence in assertive community treatment. Social Service Review, 80(3), 485–526. doi:10.1086/505287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, M., & Cotterell, P. (2012). Critical perspectives on user involvement. Bristol: Policy Press, University of Bristol.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, B., Young, M. S., Teague, G. B., Winarski, J. T., Moore, K. A., & Ochshorn, E. (2010). Recovery orientation of treatment, consumer empowerment, and satisfaction with services: A mediational model. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 34(2), 153–156. doi:10.2975/34.2.2010.153.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall, R. P. (2009). Doctoring the mind: Why psychiatric treatments fail. London, UK: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Beresford, P., & Boxall, K. (2015). Where do service users' knowledges sit in the relation to professional and academic understandings of knowledge. In P. Staddon (Ed.), Mental health service users in research – Critcal sociological perspectives. Bristol: Policy Press, University of Bristol.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2015). The critical ingredients of assertive community treatment. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 240–242. doi:10.1002/wps.20234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnington, O., & Rose, D. (2014). Exploring stigmatisation among people diagnosed with either bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder: A critical realist analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 123, 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, M., & Kristiansen, K. (2009). Medforskning: å forske sammen for kunnskap om psykisk helse (Participatory research: Doing Research for Knowledge about Mental Health). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, T., Rugkåsa, J., Molodynski, A., Dawson, J., Yeeles, K., Vazquez-Montes, M., & Priebe, S. (2013). Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1627–1633. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60107-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles, J. L. (2013). Mental health provider-based stigma: Understanding the experience of clients and families. Social Work in Mental Health, 11(4), 360–375. doi:10.1080/15332985.2013.775998.
   Google Scholar
• Clausen, H., Landheim, A., Odden, S., Heiervang, K. S., Stuen, H. K., Killaspy, H., & Ruud, T. (2015). Associations between quality of life and functioning in an assertive community treatment population. Psychiatric Services, 66(11), 1249–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L., Rakfeldt, J., & Strauss, J. (2011). The roots of the recovery movement in psychiatry: Lessons learned. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Engelstad, F. (1998). Norway: Sociology in a Welfare Society. Paper presented at the Reflections on Nordic Sociology, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Fabris, E. (2011). Tranquil prisons: Chemical incarceration under community treatment orders. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75–91.
   Google Scholar
• Heiervang, K. S., Westerlund, H., Bjørgen, D., Lofthus, A-M., Lauveng, A., & T, R. (2014). Bruker spør bruker om ACT – En undersøkelse om brukeres erfaringer med tilbudet fra ACT-team (User ask User about ACT – An examination about the service users' experience with the ACT services). Oslo: Directorate of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Helse-og Omsorgsdepartementet (Department for Health and Care). (2009). Samhandlingsreformen–Rett behandling–på rett sted–til rett tid (The Coordination Reform – Correct treatment – at the right place – at the right time). Oslo: Helse-og omsorgsdepartementet.
   Google Scholar
• Helsedirektoratet (Directorate of Health). (2008). Mennesker med alvorlige psykiske lidelser og behov for særlig tilrettelagte tilbud. Vurdering av omfang og behov, samt forslag til tiltak (Individuals with Severe Mental Ilness and needs for specific services). Oslo: Directorate of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Helsedirektoratet (Directorate of Health). (2015). Bruk av tvang i psykisk helsevern for voksne (Use of Coercion in Mental Health Ward). Oslo: Directorate of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., & Turner, L. A. (2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 297–319). Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kinderman, P. (2014). A prescription for psychiatry: Why we need a whole new approach to mental health and wellbeing. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Landheim, A., Ruud, T., Odden, S., Clausen, H., Heiervang, K. S., & Stuen, H. K. (2014). Utprøving av ACT-team i Norge – Hva viser resultatene? (Evaluation of ACT teams in Norway – what show the results?). Oslo: Directorate of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Lofthus, A.-M., Westerlund, H., Bjørgen, D., Lindstrøm, J. C., Lauveng, A., Clausen, H., & Heiervang, K. S. (2016). Are users satisfied with assertive community treatment in spite of personal restrictions? Community Mental Health Journal, 52(8), 891–897. doi:10.1007/s10597-016-9994-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofthus, A. M., Westerlund, H., Bjørgen, D., Lindstrøm, J. C., Lauveng, A., Rose, D., & Heiervang, K. (2016). Recovery concept in a Norwegian setting to be examined by the assertive community treatment model and mixed methods. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(1), 147–157. doi:10.1111/inm.12304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malterud, K. (2011). Kvalitative metoder i medisinsk forskning (Qualitative Methods in Medical Science), (3rd edition). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, M., & Lockwood, A. (2010). Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1998(2), Art. No. CD001089. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001089.
   Google Scholar
• Minkowitz, T. (2015). Advancing the rights of users and survivors of psychiatry using the UN Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilites. In J. A. Helen Spandler & Bob Sapey (Ed.), Madness, distress and the politics of disablement. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Monroe-DeVita, M., Teague, G. B., & Moser, L. L. (2011). The TMACT: A new tool for measuring fidelity to assertive community treatment. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 17(1), 17–29. doi:10.1177/1078390310394658.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Reilly, R., Corring, D., Richard, J., Plyley, C., & Pallaveshi, L. (2016). Do intensive services obviate the need for CTOs? International journal of law and psychiatry, 47, 74–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen, H., Ruud, T., Ravndal, E., Havnes, I., & Landheim, A. (2014). Engagement in assertive community treatment as experienced by recovering clients with severe mental illness and concurrent substance use. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 1–8. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-8-40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumb, A. (2015). UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Out of the frying pan into the fire? Mental Health service users and survivors aligning with the disability movement. In J. A. Helen Spandler & Bob Sapey (Ed.), Madness, distress and the politics of disablement. Bristol: Policy Press, University of Bristol.
   Google Scholar
• Priebe, S., Matanov, A., Schor, R., Straßmayr, C., Barros, H., Barry, M. M., & Holcnerová, P. (2012). Good practice in mental health care for socially marginalised groups in Europe: A qualitative study of expert views in 14 countries. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 248. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF00896357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, J., & Dillon, J. (2013). Models of madness: Psychological, social and biological approaches to psychosis. Hove and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, H., Høyer, G., & Lorem, G. F. (2014). ‘When coercion moves into your home’–a qualitative study of patient experiences with outpatient commitment in Norway. Health & social care in the community, 22(5), 506–514. doi:10.1111/hsc.12107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D. (2014). Patient and public involvement in health research: Ethical imperative and/or radical challenge? Journal of Health Psychology, 19(1), 149–158. doi:10.1177/1359105313500249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D., Willis, R., Brohan, E., Sartorius, N., Villares, C., Wahlbeck, K., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 20(02), 193–204. doi:10.1017/S2045796011000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, G. (1993). Feminism & geography: The limits of geographical knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N. (2013). What is diagnosis for? Revised version of a talk given at the Institute of Psychiatry Conference on DSM-5 and the Future of Diagnosis 4 June 2013. Retrieved from http://nikolasrose.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Rose-2013-What-is-diagnosis-for-IoP-revised-July-2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rugkåsa, J. (2016). Effectiveness of community treatment orders: The international evidence. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(1), 15–24. doi:10.1177/0706743715620415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayce, L. (2000). From psychiatric patient to citizen. London: St. Martin's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006). The utility of extended outpatient civil commitment. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29(6), 525–534. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M., Branton, T., & Cardno, A. (2014). Is the bark worse than the bite? Additional conditions used within community treatment orders. Psychiatric Bulletin, 38(1), 9–12. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.113.043422.
   Google Scholar
• Spandler, H. (2009). Spaces of psychiatric contention: A case study of a therapeutic community. Health & Place, 15(3), 672–678. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, L. I., & Santos, A. B. (1998). Assertive community treatment of persons with severe mental illness. New York: WW Norton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, L. I., & Test, M. A. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(4), 392. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780170034003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stensrud, B., Høyer, G., Granerud, A., & Landheim, A. S. (2015). “Life on Hold”: A qualitative study of patient experiences with outpatient commitment in two Norwegian counties. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(3), 209–216. doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.955933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuen, H. K., Rugkåsa, J., Landheim, A., & Wynn, R. (2015). Increased influence and collaboration: A qualitative study of patients' experiences of community treatment orders within an assertive community treatment setting. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 409. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1083-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Test, M. A., & Stein, L. I. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: III. Social cost. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(4), 409–412. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780170051005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsman. (2015). CRPD Ombudets rapport til FNs komité for rettighetene til mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne - et supplement til Norges første periodiske rapport (The Ombudsman's report to the comitee for Rights for Persons with Disability), Oslo, The Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsman.
   Google Scholar
• Thøgersen, M. H., Morthorst, B., & Nordentoft, M. (2010). Perceptions of coercion in the community: A qualitative study of patients in a Danish assertive community treatment team. Psychiatric Quarterly, 81(1), 35–47. doi:10.1007/s11126-009-9115-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjora, A. (2017). Kvalitative forskningsmetoder i praksis (Qualitative research methods in practice) (3rd ed.). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Vike, H., Debesay, J., & Haukelien, H. (2016). Tilbakeblikk på velferdsstaten: Politikk, styring og tjenester (A retrospective glance on the welfare state: Politics, governing and services). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
   Google Scholar
• Weisbrod, B. A., Test, M. A., & Stein, L. I. (1980). Alternative to mental hospital treatment: II. Economic benefit-cost analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(4), 400–405. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780170042004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer, A. (1993). A philosophical examination of coercion for mental health issues. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 11(3), 239–258. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370110303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C., Firn, M., Wharne, S., & Macpherson, R. (2011). Assertive Outreach In Mental Healthcare – Current perspective. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Ye, J., Chen, T. F., Paul, D., McCahon, R., Shankar, S., Rosen, A., & O'Reilly, C. L. (2016). Stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with severe and persistent mental illness in assertive community treatment settings. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(6), 532–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar