“It’s the Symptom of the Problem, Not the Problem itself”: A Qualitative Exploration of the Role of Pro-anorexia Websites in Users’ Disordered Eating

References

• Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), 379–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akey, J. E., Rintamaki, L. S., & Kane, T. L. (2013). Health belief model deterrents of social support seeking among people with eating disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(2), 246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bardone-Cone, A. M., & Cass, K. M. (2007). What does viewing a pro-anorexia website do? An experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(6), 537–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, C. F. (2015). “I am a waste of breath, of space, of time”: Metaphors of self in a pro-anorexia group. Qualitative Health Research, 25(2), 189–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boero, N., & Pascoe, C. J. (2012). Pro-anorexia communities and online interaction: Bringing the pro-ana body online. Body and Society, 18(2), 27–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borzekowski, D. L. G., Schenk, S., Wilson, J. L., & Peebles, R. (2010). E-Ana and e-Mia: A content analysis of pro-eating disorder Web sites. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1526–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic analysis. In: P. Rohleder & A. C. Lyons (Eds.), Qualitative research in clinical and health psychology (pp. 95–114). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• British Psychological Society (BPS). (2013). Ethics Guidelines for Internet-Mediated Research. Retrieved from http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/Public%20files/inf206-guidelines-for-internet-mediated-research.pdf (Accessed July 12, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Brotsky, S. R., & Giles, D. (2007). Inside the “pro-ana” community: A covert online participant observation. Eating Disorders, 15(2), 93–2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bull, S. S., Gaglio, B., Mckay, H. G., & Glasgow, R. E. (2005). Harnessing the potential of the internet to promote chronic illness self-management: Diabetes as an example of how well we are doing.” Chronic Illness, 1(2), 143–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christodoulou, M. (2012). Pro-anorexia websites pose public health challenge. The Lancet, 379(9811), 110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csipke, E., & Horne, O. (2007). Pro-eating disorder websites: Users’ opinions. European Eating Disorders Review, 15(3), 196–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custers, K. (2015). The urgent matter of online pro-eating disorder content and children: Clinical practice. European Journal of Pediatrics, 174(4), 429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins, D. N. (2009). The medical model in psychotherapy: Its limitations and failures. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 49(1), 66–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (2011). Eating disorders, DSM-5 and clinical reality. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 198(1), 8–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, N., Ward, K., & O'Rourke, A. (2005). Pro-anorexia, weight-loss drugs and the internet: An “anti-recovery” explanatory model of anorexia. Sociology of Health &; Illness, 27(7), 944–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, K., Sperry, S., & Thompson, K. J. (2008). Viewership of pro-eating disorder websites: Association with body image and eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(1), 92–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harshbarger, J. L., Ahlers-Schmidt, C. R., Mayans, L., Mayans, D., & Hawkins, J. H. (2009). Pro-anorexia websites: What a clinician should know. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(4), 367–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, C. E. (2016). Unveiling self-harm behaviour: What can social media site Twitter tell us about self harm behaviour? A qualitative exploration. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(11–12), 1690–1704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, C. E., & Johnston, L. H. (2017). Health psychology: It's not what you do, it's the way that you do it. Health Psychology Open, 4(2), 2055102917714910 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2055102917714910).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilton, C. E., Lane, C., & Johnston, L. H. (2016). Has motivational interviewing fallen into its own premature focus trap? International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 38(2), 145–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek, H. W., & van Hoeken, D. (2003). Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(4), 383–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jett, S., LaPorte, D. J., & Wanchisn, J. (2010). Impact of exposure to pro-eating disorder websites on eating behavior in college women. European Eating Disorders Review, 18(5), 410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. H., Hilton, C. E., & Lane, C. (2017). Psychological management in bariatric surgery. In J. Weaver (Ed.), Practical guide to obesity medicine (pp. 299–313). London, UK: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, M. P. (2012). Loneliness and eating disorders. Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 243–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, E. J., Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Pro-anorexics and recovering anorexics differ in their linguistic internet self-presentations. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(3), 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, P., Hibbs, R., Corfield, F., & Treasure, J. (2012). The use of motivational interviewing in eating disorders: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 200(1), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen, D. (2009). Response to the NICE clinical guideline on depression. The British Psychoanalytic Council. Retrieved from https://www.bpc.org.uk/sites/psychoanalytic-council.org/files/NICE-McQueen-web.pdf (Accessed July 12, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). London, UK: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change (3rd ed.). London, UK: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology and Health, 26(11), 1479–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulveen, R., & Hepworth, J. (2006). An interpretive phenomenological analysis of participation in a pro-anorexia internet site and its relationship with disordered eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(2), 283–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2004). Eating disorders in over 8s: Recognition and management. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg9/resources/eating-disorders-in-over-8s-management-27103918021 (Accessed July 12, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2009). Depression in adults: Recognition and management. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/resources/depression-in-adults-recognition-and-management-pdf-975742636741 (Accessed July 12, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2017). Eating disorders: Recognition and treatment. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/resources/eating-disorders-recognition-and-treatment-pdf-1837582159813 (Accessed July 12, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Norris, M. L., Boydell, K. M., Pinhas, L., & Katzman, D. K. (2006). Ana and the Internet: A review of pro-anorexia websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6), 443–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plath, D., Williams, L. T., & Wood, C. (2016). Clinicians' views on parental involvement in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa Eating Disorders, 24(5), 393–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335.
   Google Scholar
• Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spall, S., & Stephen, F. (1998). Peer debriefing in qualitative research: emerging operational models. Qualitative Enquiry, 4(2), 280–292.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, G., Felton, A., Morgan, A., & Dumenya, J. (2016). A critical narrative analysis of shared decision-making in acute inpatient mental health care. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 30(1), 35–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strife, S. R., & Rickard, K. (2011). The conceptualization of anorexia: The pro-ana perspective. Journal of Women and Social Work, 26(2), 213–2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman-Collins, D., Renwick, B., Lose, A., Kenyon, M., Serpell, L., Richards, L., … Schmidt, U. (2014). Process evaluation of the MOSAIC trial, part I: Therapist experiences of delivering two psychological therapies for treatment of anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 22(2), 122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (1992). ICD-10: The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, K. A. R. E. N., & Schroeder, D. O. R. I. S. (2016). Turning the tables—The vulnerability of nurses treating anorexia nervosa patients. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 25(02), 219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar