447
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Future of the Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Workforce: Using Our Skill Set to Address Incongruities in Mental Health Care Delivery

, PhD, PMH-NP, FAAN

References

  • Agency for Health Care Quality (n.d.). Delivering effective, low barrier treatment. https://integrationacademy.ahrq.gov/products/playbooks/opioid-use-disorder/implement-mat-for-oud/delivering-effective-low-barrier-treatment
  • Aguirre Velasco, A., Cruz, I. S. S., Billings, J., Jimenez, M., & Rowe, S. (2020). What are the barriers, facilitators and interventions targeting help-seeking behaviors for common mental health problems in adolescents? A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02659-0
  • Alderwick, H., & Gottlieb, L. M. (2019). Meanings and misunderstandings: A social determinants of health lexicon for health care systems. The Milbank Quarterly, 97(2), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12390
  • Alegría, M., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Loder, S. (2015). Disparities in child and adolescent mental health and mental health services in the US. William T. Grant Foundation.
  • Alegría, M., Zhen-Duan, J., O'Malley, I. S., & DiMarzio, K. (2022). A new agenda for optimizing investments in community mental health and reducing disparities. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 179(6), 402–416. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21100970
  • American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, & Children’s Hospital Network, (2021). Declaration of a national emergency in child and adolescent mental health. https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/child-and-adolescent-healthy-mental-development/aap-aacap-cha-declaration-of-a-national-emergency-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health/
  • American Nurses Credentialing Center (2023). 2022 ANCC certification data. https://www.nursingworld.org/∼498ced/globalassets/docs/ancc/ancc-cert-data-website.pdf
  • American Psychiatric Nurses Association (2022). APNA 2022 psychiatric-mental health nursing workforce report. https://www.apna.org/workforce
  • Amura, C. R., Sorrell, T. R., Weber, M., Alvarez, A., Beste, N., Hollins, U., & Cook, P. F. (2022). Outcomes from the medication assisted treatment pilot program for adults with opioid use disorders in rural Colorado. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00424-4
  • Aurizki, G. E., & Wilson, I. (2022). Nurse‐led task‐shifting strategies to substitute for mental health specialists in primary care: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 28(5), e13046. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13046
  • Baker, J., Travers, J. L., Buschman, P., & Merrill, J. A. (2018). An efficient nurse practitioner–led community-based service model for delivering coordinated care to persons with serious mental illness at risk for homelessness. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 24(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390317704044
  • Beck, A. J., Page, C., Buche, J., & Gaiser, M. (2020). The distribution of advanced practice nurses within the psychiatric workforce. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26(1), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319886366
  • Beck, A. J., Page, C., Buche, J., Rittman, D., & Gaiser, M. (2018). Mapping supply of the US psychiatric workforce. UMSPH: University of Michigan Behavioral Health Workforce Research Center.
  • Benjenk, I., & Chen, J. (2019). Variation of follow-up rate after psychiatric hospitalization of Medicare beneficiaries by hospital characteristics and social determinants of health. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.08.006
  • Bentley, K. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Stevens, K. T., & Washburn, J. J. (2020). Implementing an evidence-based psychological intervention for suicidal thoughts and behaviors on an inpatient unit: Process, challenges, and initial findings. General Hospital Psychiatry, 63, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.09.012
  • Berman, A. L., & Silverman, M. M. (2022). Hospital-based suicides: Challenging existing myths. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 93(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09856-w
  • Birch, K., Ling, A., & Phoenix, B. (2021). Psychiatric nurse practitioners as leaders in behavioral health integration. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(1), 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.001
  • Bouchard, M., Lecomte, T., Cloutier, B., Herrera-Roberge, J., & Potvin, S. (2022). Dropout rates in psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 842329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842329
  • Breslau, J., Han, B., Lai, J., & Yu, H. (2020). Impact of the affordable care act Medicaid expansion on utilization of mental health care. Medical Care, 58(9), 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001373
  • Brown, M., Moore, C. A., MacGregor, J., & Lucey, J. R. (2021). Primary care and mental health: Overview of integrated care models. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.07.005
  • Burkhart, K., Asogwa, K., Muzaffar, N., & Gabriel, M. (2020). Pediatric integrated care models: A systematic review. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(2), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819890004
  • Bury, D., Hendrick, D., Smith, T., Metcalf, J., & Drake, R. E. (2022). The psychiatric nurse care coordinator on a multi-disciplinary, community mental health treatment team. Community Mental Health Journal, 58(7), 1354–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-00945-7
  • Cai, A., Mehrotra, A., Germack, H. D., Busch, A. B., Huskamp, H. A., & Barnett, M. L. (2022). Trends In mental health care delivery by psychiatrists and nurse practitioners in Medicare, 2011–19: Study examines trends in mental health care delivery by psychiatrists and nurse practitioners in Medicare. Health Affairs, 41(9), 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00289
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2023). Youth risk behavior survey data: Summary and trend reports 2011–2021. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/yrbs_data-summary-trends_report2023_508.pdf
  • Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) (2022). CMS framework for health equity 2022–2032. https://www.cms.gov/about-cms/agency-information/omh/health-equity-programs/cms-framework-for-health-equity
  • Chambers, M., McAndrew, S., Nolan, F., Thomas, B., Watts, P., & Kantaris, X. (2021). Measuring therapeutic engagement in acute mental health inpatient environments: The perspectives of service users and mental health nurses. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 547. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03561-z
  • Chapman, S. A., Phoenix, B. J., Hahn, T. E., & Strod, D. C. (2018). Utilization and economic contribution of psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners in public behavioral health services. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(6), S243–S249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.045
  • Charette, C., Metge, C., Struthers, A., Enns, J. E., Nickel, N. C., Chartier, M., Chateau, D., Burland, E., Katz, A., & Brownell, M. (2019). Teens’ perspectives on barriers and facilitators to accessing school-based clinics. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 6(6), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.14485/HBPR.6.6.6
  • Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., Lin, S., Scuderi, B., Turner, N., Bergeron, A., & Cutler, D. (2016). The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014. JAMA, 315(16), 1750–1766. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4226
  • Cook, B. L., Hou, S. S. Y., Lee-Tauler, S. Y., Progovac, A. M., Samson, F., & Sanchez, M. J. (2019). A review of mental health and mental health care disparities research: 2011–2014. Medical Care Research and Review, 76(6), 683–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558718780592
  • Cutler, N. A., Sim, J., Halcomb, E., Moxham, L., & Stephens, M. (2020). Nurses’ influence on consumers’ experience of safety in acute mental health units: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21–22), 4379–4386. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15480
  • Cuijpers, P., Quero, S., Dowrick, C., & Arroll, B. (2019). Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: Recent developments. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(12), 129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1117-x
  • de Haan, A. M., Boon, A. E., de Jong, J. T., & Vermeiren, R. R. (2018). A review of mental health treatment dropout by ethnic minority youth. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517731702
  • Delaney, K. R. (2017). Psychiatric mental health nursing advanced practice workforce: Capacity to address shortages of mental health professionals. Psychiatric Services, 68(9), 952–954. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600405
  • Delaney, K. R., & Karnik, N. S. (2019). Building a child mental health workforce for the 21st century: Closing the training gap. Journal of Professional Nursing, 35(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.07.002
  • Delaney, K. R., Nagel, M. A., Valentine, N. M., Antai-Otong, D., Groh, C., & Brenneman, L. (2018). The effective use of RNs and APRNs in integrated care: Policy implications for increasing access and quality. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 45, 300–309.
  • Delaney, K. R., & McIntosh, D. (2021). Exploring the thinking, reasoning, and clinical approach of expert child psychiatric nurses. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 34(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12292
  • Delaney, K. R., & Vanderhoef, D. (2019). The psychiatric mental health advanced practice registered nurse workforce: Charting the future. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 25(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390318806571
  • Desmet, K., Duprez, V., Deproost, E., Beeckman, D., Goossens, P. J., Vandewalle, J., Van Hecke, A., & Verhaeghe, S. (2021). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Mental Health Nurse‐Sensitive Patient Outcome‐Scale (MH‐NURSE‐POS) for inpatient psychiatric hospital settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(4), 988–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12853
  • Dixon, L. B., Holoshitz, Y., & Nossel, I. (2016). Treatment engagement of individuals experiencing mental illness: Review and update. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20306
  • Duck, A. A., Carr, K., Lim, C. S., & Robinson, J. C. (2023). Integrating behavioral health and primary care in an inner-city high school: Expanded care in a school-based clinic in Mississippi, 2018–2020. Public Health Reports, 138(1_suppl), 16S–21S. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549221128221
  • Duke, A., & Searby, A. (2019). Mental ill health in homeless women: A review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(7), 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1565875
  • Dunster‐Page, C. A., Berry, K., Wainwright, L., & Haddock, G. (2018). An exploratory study into therapeutic alliance, defeat, entrapment and suicidality on mental health wards. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 25(2), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12444
  • Eldal, K., Veseth, M., Natvik, E., Davidson, L., Skjølberg, Å., Gytri, D., & Moltu, C. (2019). Contradictory experiences of safety and shame in inpatient mental health qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(4), 791–800. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12674
  • Eriksen, K. A., Arman, M., Davidson, L., Sundfør, B., & Karlsson, B. (2014). Challenges in relating to mental health professionals: Perspectives of persons with severe mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12024
  • Eylem, O., de Wit, L., van Straten, A., Steubl, L., Melissourgaki, Z., Danışman, G. T., de Vries, R., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Bhui, K., & Cuijpers, P. (2020). Stigma for common mental disorders in racial minorities and majorities a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 879. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08964-3
  • Falgas-Bague, I., Zhen-Duan, J., Ferreira, C., Tahanasab, S. A., Cuervo-Torello, F., Fukuda, M., Markle, S. L., & Alegría, M. (2023). Uncovering barriers to engagement in substance use disorder care for Medicaid enrollees. Psychiatric Services. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20220193
  • Felton, A., Repper, J., & Avis, M. (2018). Therapeutic relationships, risk, and mental health practice. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(3), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12430
  • Fong, H. F., Tamene, M., Morley, D. S., Morris, A., Estela, M. G., Singerman, A., & Bair-Merritt, M. H. (2019). Perceptions of the implementation of pediatric behavioral health integration in 3 Community Health Centers. Clinical Pediatrics, 58(11–12), 1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819867454
  • Fontanella, C. A., Warner, L. A., Steelesmith, D. L., Brock, G., Bridge, J. A., & Campo, J. V. (2020). Association of timely outpatient mental health services for youths after psychiatric hospitalization with risk of death by suicide. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2012887. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12887
  • Friedman, M. (2015). Improving America’s mental health problems: No simple answers. Harvard Health Policy Review. http://www.michaelbfriedman.com/mbf/images/Improving_American_Mental_Health_Policy–HHPR.pdf
  • Geller, D. E., & Swan, B. A. (2021). Recent evidence of nurse practitioner outcomes in a variety of care settings. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 33(10), 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000451
  • Gillespie, M., & McEwan, S. (2019). From task to intervention: Rethinking mental health observation practice in Scotland. British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 8(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjmh.2019.8.1.28
  • Ginsburg, G. S., Drake, K. L., Muggeo, M. A., Stewart, C. E., Pikulski, P. J., Zheng, D., & Harel, O. (2021). A pilot RCT of a school nurse delivered intervention to reduce student anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 50(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1630833
  • Guerrero, A. P., Balon, R., Beresin, E. V., Louie, A. K., Coverdale, J. H., Brenner, A., & Roberts, L. W. (2019). Rural mental health training: An emerging imperative to address health disparities. Academic Psychiatry, 43(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-1012-5
  • Harrington, A., Darke, H., Ennis, G., & Sundram, S. (2019). Evaluation of an alternative model for the management of clinical risk in an adult acute psychiatric inpatient unit. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(5), 1099–1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12621
  • Harris, B. A., & Panozzo, G. (2019). Therapeutic alliance, relationship building, and communication strategies-for the schizophrenia population: An integrative review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.003
  • Hjorthøj, C., Stürup, A. E., McGrath, J. J., & Nordentoft, M. (2017). Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 4(4), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30078-0
  • Hood, J. E., Banta-Green, C. J., Duchin, J. S., Breuner, J., Dell, W., Finegood, B., Glick, S. N., Hamblin, M., Holcomb, S., Mosse, D., Oliphant-Wells, T., & Shim, M. H. M. (2020). Engaging an unstably housed population with low-barrier buprenorphine treatment at a syringe services program: Lessons learned from Seattle, Washington. Substance Abuse, 41(3), 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635557
  • Horgan, A., O Donovan, M., Manning, F., Doody, R., Savage, E., Dorrity, C., O'Sullivan, H., Goodwin, J., Greaney, S., Biering, P., Bjornsson, E., Bocking, J., Russell, S., Griffin, M., MacGabhann, L., van der Vaart, K. J., Allon, J., Granerud, A., Hals, E., … Happell, B. (2021). ‘Meet Me Where I Am’: Mental health service users’ perspectives on the desirable qualities of a mental health nurse. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12768
  • Hunter, C. L., Funderburk, J. S., Polaha, J., Bauman, D., Goodie, J. L., & Hunter, C. M. (2018). Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) model research: Current state of the science and a call to action. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 25(2), 127–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-017-9512-0
  • Hurley, J., Lakeman, R., Linsley, P., Ramsay, M., & Mckenna-Lawson, S. (2022). Utilizing the mental health nursing workforce: A scoping review of mental health nursing clinical roles and identities. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(4), 796–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12983
  • Insel, T. (2022). Healing: Our path from mental illness to mental health. Penguin Press.
  • Jones, N., Gius, B. K., Shields, M., Collings, S., Rosen, C., & Munson, M. (2021). Investigating the impact of involuntary psychiatric hospitalization on youth and young adult trust and help-seeking in pathways to care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(11), 2017–2027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02048-2
  • Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., Gaskin-Wasson, A. L., Sawyer, B. A., Applewhite, K., & Metzger, I. W. (2020). From “crib to coffin”: Navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000430
  • Kiley, K., Volpe, D., Schenkel, S. R., & DeGrazia, M. (2020). Constant observation of pediatric patients at risk for self-harm and suicide: An evidence-based practice inquiry. Applied Nursing Research, 55, 151294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151294
  • Kirby, J. B., Zuvekas, S. H., Borsky, A. E., & Ngo-Metzger, Q. (2019). Rural residents with mental health needs have fewer care visits than urban counterparts. Health. Health Affairs, 38(12), 2057–2060. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00369
  • Ker, S., Hsu, J., Balani, A., Mukherjee, S. S., Rush, A. J., Khan, M., Elchehabi, S., Huffhines, S., DeMoss, D., Renteria, M. E., & Sarkar, J. (2021). Factors that affect patient attrition in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: A retrospective real-world study using electronic health records. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 3229–3244. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S331442
  • Kolko, D. J., Torres, E., Rumbarger, K., James, E., Turchi, R., Bumgardner, C., & O'Brien, C. (2019). Integrated pediatric health care in Pennsylvania: A survey of primary care and behavioral health providers. Clinical Pediatrics, 58(2), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922818810881
  • Lauerer, J. A., Marenakos, K. G., Gaffney, K., Ketron, C., & Huncik, K. (2018). Integrating behavioral health in the pediatric medical home. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 31(1), 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12195
  • Lesser, J., & Paleo, J. (2016). Teaching nursing students the value of person-centered, recovery-oriented relationships. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(6), 436–439. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2016.1162885
  • Lettner, B. H., Doan, R. J., & Miettinen, A. W. (2016). Housing outcomes and predictors of success: The role of hospitalization in street outreach. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12287
  • Martin, B., Phoenix, B. J., & Chapman, S. A. (2020). How collaborative practice agreements impede the provision of vital behavioral health services. Nursing Outlook, 68(5), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.04.002
  • Matlick, G. L., & Delaney, K. R. (2022). Evaluation of psychiatric rehospitalization of individuals treated at a federally qualified health center. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(11), 1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2022.2124005
  • Maura, J., & Weisman de Mamani, A. (2017). Mental health disparities, treatment engagement, and attrition among racial/ethnic minorities with severe mental illness: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(3–4), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-017-9510-2
  • Mechling, B., Ali Muhammad Ali Charania, N., Paun, O., Lewin, L., Bostrom, A., Mumba, M., Niitsu, K., & Ahern, N. (2022). Research priorities in psychiatric mental health nursing: Funding availability, recently published work, and future directions for advancing our science. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10783903221124160
  • McAllister, S., Simpson, A., Tsianakas, V., Canham, N., De Meo, V., Stone, C., & Robert, G. (2021). Developing a theory-informed complex intervention to improve nurse–patient therapeutic engagement employing experience-based co-design and the behaviour change wheel: An acute mental health ward case study. BMJ Open, 11(5), e047114. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047114
  • McCormick, K. A., Chatham, A., Klodnick, V. V., Schoenfeld, E. A., & Cohen, D. A. (2023). Mental health service experiences among transition-age youth: Interpersonal continuums that influence engagement in care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 40(4), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00890-0
  • McGinty, E. E., Murphy, K. A., Dalcin, A. T., Stuart, E. A., Wang, N. Y., Dickerson, F., Gudzune, K., Jerome, G., Thompson, D., Cullen, B. A., Gennusa, J., Kilbourne, A. M., & Daumit, G. L. (2021). A model for advancing scale-up of complex interventions for vulnerable populations: The ALACRITY Center for Health and Longevity in Mental Illness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(2), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06137-x
  • McReynolds, W. (2022). The help-seeking experiences of previously incarcerated African American/Black Men: A hermeneutic phenomenological study [Doctoral dissertation]. Northcentral University.
  • McWilliams, L., Paisi, M., Middleton, S., Shawe, J., Thornton, A., Larkin, M., Taylor, J., & Currie, J. (2022). Scoping review: Scope of practice of nurse‐led services and access to care for people experiencing homelessness. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(11), 3587–3606. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15387
  • Metzger, I. W., Anderson, R. E., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2021). Healing interpersonal and racial trauma: Integrating racial socialization into trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for African American youth. Child Maltreatment, 26(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520921457
  • Mongelli, F., Georgakopoulos, P., & Pato, M. T. (2020). Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. Focus, 18(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20190028
  • Moyo, N., Jones, M., Kushemererwa, D., Arefadib, N., Jones, A., Pantha, S., & Gray, R. (2022). Service user and carer views and expectations of mental health nurses: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711001
  • Muench, U., Jura, M., Thomas, C. P., Perloff, J., & Spetz, J. (2022). Rural-urban prescribing patterns by primary care and behavioral health providers in older adults with serious mental illness. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1440. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08813-6
  • Munson, M. R., Jaccard, J., Moore, K. L., Rodwin, A. H., Shimizu, R., Cole, A. R., Scott, L. D., Narendorf, S. C., Davis, M., Gilmer, T., & Stanhope, V. (2022). Impact of a brief intervention to improve engagement in a recovery program for young adults with serious mental illness. Schizophrenia Research, 250, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.008
  • Munson, M. R., Jaccard, J., Smalling, S. E., Kim, H., Werner, J. J., & Scott, L. D. (2012). Static, dynamic, integrated, and contextualized: A framework for understanding mental health service utilization among young adults. Social Science & Medicine, 75(8), 1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.039
  • Nardi, D., Waite, R., Nowak, M., Hatcher, B., Hines‐Martin, V., & Stacciarini, J. M. R. (2020). Achieving health equity through eradicating structural racism in the United States: A call to action for nursing leadership. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(6), 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12602
  • National Association of Behavioral Healthcare (2019). The high cost of compliance: Assessing the regulatory burden on inpatient psychiatric facilities. https://www.nabh.org/nabh-releases-the-high-cost-of-compliance-assessing-the-regulatory-burden-on-inpatient-psychiatric-facilities/
  • Nyamathi, A., Salem, B. E., Shin, S. S., Jones, A. A., Garfin, D. R., Yadav, K., Chang, A. H., White, K., & Morisky, D. (2021). Effect of a nurse-led community health worker intervention on latent tuberculosis medication completion among homeless adults. Nursing Research, 70(6), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000545
  • Office of the Inspector General (2022). Opioid overdoses and the limited treatment of opioid use disorder continue to be concerns for Medicare beneficiaries. https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/OEI-02-22-00390.pdf
  • Office of the Surgeon General (2021). U.S. Surgeon General issues advisory on youth mental health crisis further exposed by COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/12/07/us-surgeon-general-issues-advisory-on-youth-mental-health-crisis-further-exposed-by-covid-19-pandemic.html
  • Ogbeide, S., Stermensky, G., & Rolin, S. (2016). Integrated primary care behavioral health for the rural older adult. Practice Innovations, 1(3), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000022
  • Oh, S., McDowell, A., Benson, N. M., Cook, B. L., & Fung, V. (2022). Trends in participation in medicare among psychiatrists and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, 2013–2019. JAMA Network Open, 5(7), e2224368. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24368
  • Panchal, N., Cox, C., & Rudowitz, R. (2022). The landscape of school-based mental health services. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/other/issue-brief/the-landscape-of-school-based-mental-health-services/#
  • Peer, Y., & Koren, A. (2022). Facilitators and barriers for implementing the integrated behavioral health care model in the USA: An integrative review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(6), 1300–1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13027
  • Pietras, S., & Wishon, A. (2021). Workforce implications of behavioral health care models (No. cdf225c7db21461aa9d3a9d52ab90334). Mathematica Policy Research.
  • Phoenix, B. J. (2019). The current psychiatric mental health registered nurse workforce. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 25(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390318810417
  • Planey, A. M., Smith, S. M., Moore, S., & Walker, T. D. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: A systematic review study. Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.001
  • Ramanuj, P., Ferenchik, E., Docherty, M., Spaeth-Rublee, B., & Pincus, H. A. (2019). Evolving models of integrated behavioral health and primary care. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0985-4
  • Ray, R., Perkins, E., Roberts, P., & Fuller, L. (2017). The impact of nursing protocols on continuous special observation. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 23(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390316668993
  • Recto, P., Lesser, J., Paleo, J., Gray, A. H., Zapata, J., Idar, A. Z., Castilla, M., & Moreno-Vasquez, A. (2023). The co-development and implementation of a mental health world cafe. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 44(4), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2022.2085453
  • Reen, G. K., Bailey, J., Maughan, D. L., & Vincent, C. (2020). Systematic review of interventions to improve constant observation on adult inpatient psychiatric wards. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 372–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12696
  • Rice, B. M. B., Lauren Achey, B. S., & Lehman, R. (2022). “Guns Down, Gloves Up”: An Innovative Youth Boxing Model to Reduce Gun Violence in Philadelphia, PA [Paper presentation]. APHA 2022 Annual Meeting and Expo. APHA.
  • Roberts, M., Jones, J., Garcia, L., & Techau, A. (2022). Adolescents’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to engaging in mental health treatment: A qualitative meta‐synthesis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 35(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12354
  • Satiani, A., Niedermier, J., Satiani, B., & Svendsen, D. P. (2018). Projected workforce of psychiatrists in the United States: A population analysis. Psychiatric Services, 69(6), 710–713. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700344
  • Slemon, A., Jenkins, E., & Bungay, V. (2017). Safety in psychiatric inpatient care: The impact of risk management culture on mental health nursing practice. Nursing Inquiry, 24(4), e12199. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12199
  • Semahegn, A., Torpey, K., Manu, A., Assefa, N., Tesfaye, G., & Ankomah, A. (2020). Psychotropic medication non-adherence and its associated factors among patients with major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-1274-3
  • Shields, M. C., Borba, C. P., & Trinh, N. H. T. (2017). Quality of inpatient psychiatric care and consumers’ trust in the mental health care system. Psychiatric Services, 68(6), 642–643. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600508
  • Shields, M. C., Hollander, M. A., Busch, A. B., Kantawala, Z., & Rosenthal, M. B. (2023). Patient-centered inpatient psychiatry is associated with outcomes, ownership, and national quality measures. Health Affairs Scholar, 1(1), qxad017. https://doi.org/10.1093/haschl/qxad017
  • Soltis-Jarrett, V. (2019). The TANDEM3-PC: The foundation for an innovative, integrated behavioral health NP-led model of practice in rural primary care. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.007
  • Smith, W. R., & Sisti, D. A. (2022). Rapprochement and reform: overcoming factionalism in policy making for serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 73(5), 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100450
  • So, M., McCord, R. F., & Kaminski, J. W. (2019). Policy levers to promote access to and utilization of children’s mental health services: A systematic review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 46(3), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-00916-9
  • Sorrell, T. R. (2020). Mexican traditional medicine: Application of a traditional and complementary medicine system to improve opioid use treatment in Latinos. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 38(4), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010120911540
  • Stalder, S., Techau, A., Hamilton, J., Caballero, C., Weber, M., Roberts, M., & Barton, A. J. (2023). Improving access to integrated behavioral health in a nurse-led federally qualified health center. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 29(3), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390321994165
  • Stoliker, B. E., & Galli, P. M. (2019). An examination of mental health and psychiatric care among older prisoners in the United States. Victims & Offenders, 14(4), 480–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1608883
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2022). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2023). Certified Community Behavioral Health Center (CCBHC) certification criteria. Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHCs). https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/ccbhc-criteria-2023.pdf
  • Svensson, J. (2022). Patient safety strategies in psychiatry and how they construct the notion of preventable harm: A scoping review. Journal of Patient Safety, 18(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000885
  • Talley, M., Williams, C. W., Srivatsan, Y., Li, P., Frank, J. S., & Selleck, C. (2021). Integrating behavioral health into two primary care clinics serving vulnerable populations. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 24, 100430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2021.100430
  • Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 10(2), 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01284-9
  • Timberlake, L. M., Beeber, L. S., & Hubbard, G. (2020). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Management on the inpatient psychiatric unit. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26(1), 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319878878
  • Tolosa‐Merlos, D., Moreno‐Poyato, A. R., González‐Palau, F., Pérez‐Toribio, A., Casanova‐Garrigós, G., & Delgado‐Hito, P. (2023). The therapeutic relationship at the heart of nursing care: A participatory action research in acute mental health units. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(15–16), 5135–5146. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16606
  • Trexler, J. E., Turi, E., & Poghosyan, L. (2023). Team-based depression care in primary care: The role of nurse practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 19(4), 104579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104579
  • Turi, E., McMenamin, A., Kueakomoldej, S., Kurtzman, E., & Poghosyan, L. (2023). The effectiveness of nurse practitioner care for patients with mental health conditions in primary care settings: A systematic review. Nursing Outlook, 71(4), 101995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101995
  • US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2022a). Occupational employment and wages, May 2022. 29-1223 Psychiatrists. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes291223.htm#nat
  • US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2022b). May 2022 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. NAICS 622200-Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_622200.htm
  • van Dusseldorp, L., Groot, M., van Vught, A., Goossens, P., Hulshof, H., & Peters, J. (2023). How patients with severe mental illness experience care provided by psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 35(5), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000867
  • Waite, R., & Hassouneh, D. (2021). Structural competency in mental health nursing: Understanding and applying key concepts. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.013
  • Wand, T., Glover, S., & Paul, D. (2022). What should be the future focus of mental health nursing? Exploring the perspectives of mental health nurses, consumers, and allied health staff. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12947
  • Ward-Ciesielski, E. F., & Rizvi, S. L. (2021). The potential iatrogenic effects of psychiatric hospitalization for suicidal behavior: A critical review and recommendations for research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 28(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12332
  • Weber, M., Stalder, S., Techau, A., Centi, S., McNair, B., & Barton, A. J. (2020). Behavioral health integration in a nurse-led federally qualified health center: outcomes of care. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 33(12), 1166–1172. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000506
  • Weiner, S. (2022). A growing psychiatrist shortage and an enormous demand for mental health services. AMCC News. bit.ly/3Pru3kH.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d.). Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
  • Yakusheva, O., Munro-Kramer, M. L., Love, R., & Buerhaus, P. I. (2022). Part 4: Value-informed nursing practice depends on nursing innovation. Nursing Outlook, 70(4), 566–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.05.002
  • Yang, B. K., Idzik, S., & Evans, P. (2021). Patterns of mental health service use among Medicaid-insured youths treated by nurse practitioners and physicians: A retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 120, 103956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103956
  • Zhong, R., & Wasser, T. (2021). The cost of safety: Balancing risk and liberty in psychiatric units. Bioethics, 35(2), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12804

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.