- Allen, D. M., Lehman, J. S., Green, T. A., Lindgren, M. L., Onorato, L. M., & Forrester, W. (1994). HIV infection among homeless adults and runaway youth, United States, 1989-1992. AIDS, 8, 1593–1598.
- Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
- Bentler, P. M., & Dudgeon, P. (1996). Covariance structure analysis: Statistical practice, theory, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 563–592.
- Browne, A. (1993). Family violence and homelessness: The relevance of trauma histories in the lives of homeless women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 370–384.
- Browne, A., & Bassuk, S. S. (1997). Intimate violence in the lives of homeless and poor housed women: Prevalence and patterns in an ethnically diverse sample. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 261–278.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994a). HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 6, 8–12.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994b). AIDS among racial/ethnic minorities-United States, 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43, 644–647, 653–655.
- Centers for Disease Control (1995). HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 7, 1–34.
- Centers for Disease Control (1997). HIV/AIDS prevention. Special issue: Focus on women and HIV. July.
- Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1990). Model modification in covariance structure modeling: A comparison among likelihood ratio, Lagrange Multiplier, and Wald tests. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25,115–136.
- Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children: Sexual Abuse of Children, 4, 31–53.
- Fischer, P., & Breakey, W. R. (1991). The epidemiology of alcohol, drug, and mental disorders among homeless persons. American Psychologist, 11, 1115–1128.
- Flynn, L. (1997). The health practices of homeless women: A causal model. Nursing Research, 46, 72–77.
- Fullilove, M. T., Fullilove, R. E., Haynes, K., & Gross, S. (1990). Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules. Journal of Sex Research, 27, 47–64.
- Gelberg, L., & Linn, L. S. (1989). Psychological distress among homeless adults. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 177, 291–295.
- Goodman, L. A. (1991). The prevalence of abuse in the lives of homeless and housed poor mothers: A comparison study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 489–500.
- Hinkle, Y. A., Johnson, E. H., Gilbert, D., Jackson, L., & Lollis, C. M. (1992). African-American women who always use condoms: Attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior. Journal of American Medical Women's Association, 47, 230–237.
- Ingram, K. M., Corning, A. F., & Schmidt, L. D. (1996). The relationship of victimization experiences to psychological wellbeing among homeless women and low-income housed women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 218–227.
- Jemmott, L. S., & Jemmott, J. B. (1991). Applying theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: Condom use among Black women. Nursing Research, 40, 228–234.
- Jezewski, M. A. (1995). Staying connected: The core of facilitating health care for homeless persons. Public Health Nursing, 12, 203–210.
- Johnsen, L. W., & Harlow, L. L. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse linked with adult substance use, victimization, and AIDS- risk. AIDS Education and Prevention, 8, 44–57.
- Krueger, L., Wood, R., Diehr, P., & Maxwell, C. (1990). Poverty and HIV sero-positivity: The poor are more likely to be infected. AIDS, 4, 811–814.
- Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (1993). Ethnic and gender differences in beliefs about sex partner questioning to reduce HIV risk. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 77–88.
- McCombs, S. B., McCray, E., Frey, R. L., & Onorato, I. M. (1997). Behaviors of heterosexual sexually transmitted disesase clinic patients with sex partners at increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 24, 461–467.
- Metsch, L. R., McCoy, C. B., McCoy, H. V., Shultz, J. M., Lai, S., Weatherby, N. L., McAnany, H., Correa, R., & Anwyl, R. S. (1995). HIV-related risk behaviors and seropositivity among homeless drug-abusing women in Miami, Florida. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 27, 435–446.
- Milburn, N., & D'Ercole, A. (1991). Homeless women: Moving toward a comprehensive model. American Psychologist, 11, 1161–1169.
- Neaigus, A., Friedman, S., Curtis, R., Des Jarlais, D., Furst, R., Jose, B., Mota, R, Stephenson, B., Sufian, M., & Ward, T. (1994). The relevance of drug injectors sexual and risk networks for understanding and preventing HIV infection. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 67–78.
- North, C. S., Thompson, S. J., Pollio, D. E., Ricci, D. A., & Smith, E. M. (1997). A diagnostic comparison of homeless and non-homeless patients in an urban mental health clinic. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 236–240.
- Nyamathi, A. (1992). Comparative study of factors relating to HIV risk level of Black homeless women. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5, 222–228.
- Nyamathi, A. (1994). Health promotion among homeless women at risk of AIDS. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
- Nyamathi, A., Bennett, C., Leake, B., & Chen, S. (1995). Social support among impoverished women. Nursing Research, 44, 376–378.
- Nyamathi, A., Flaskerud, J., & Leake, B. (1997). HIV-risk behaviors and mental health characteristics among homeless or drug-recovering women and their closest sources of social support. Nursing Research, 46, 133–137.
- Nyamathi, A., Flaskerud, J., Leake, B., & Chen, S. (1996). Impoverished women at risk for AIDS: Social support variables. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 34, 31–39.
- Nyamathi, A., Leake, B., Keenan, C., & Gelberg, L. (1998). Type of social support among homeless women: Its impact on psychosocial resources, health and health behaviors, and health service utilization. American Journal of Public Health, under review.
- Nyamathi, A., Lewis, C., Leake, B., Flaskerud, J., & Bennett, C. (1995). Barriers to condom use and needle cleaning among impoverished minority female injection drug users and partners of injection drug users. Public Health Reports, 110, 166–172.
- Nyamathi, A., Stein, J. A., & Brecht, M-L. (1995). Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior and drug use behavior in homeless and drug addicted women of color. Health Psychology, 14, 1–9.
- Padgett, D. K., & Struening, E. L. (1992). Victimization and traumatic injuries among the homeless: Associations with alcohol, drug, and mental problems. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 525–534.
- Riemer, J. G., Van Cleve, L., & Galbraith, M. (1995). Barriers to well child care for homeless children under age 13. Public Health Nursing, 12, 61–66.
- Sikkema, K. J., Heckman, T. G., Kelly, J. A., Anderson, E. S., Winett, R. A., Solomon, L. J., Wagstaff, D. A., Roffman, R. A., Perry, M. J., Cargill, V., Crumble, D. A., Fuqua, R. W., Norman, A. D., & Mercer, M. B. (1996). HIV risk behaviors among women living in low-income, inner-city housing developments. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1123–1128.
- Smith, D. K., & Moore, J. S. (1996). Epidemiology, manifestations, and treatment of HIV infection in women (pgs. 1-29). In Ann O'Leary & Jemmott, L.S. (Eds.), Women and AIDS, Coping and care. New York: Plenum Press.
- Smith, E. M., North, C. S., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1993). Alcohol, drugs, and psychiatric comorbidity among homeless women: An epidemiologic study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 82–87.
- Sobo, E. J. (1993). Inner-city women and AIDS: The psychosocial benefits of unsafe sex. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 17, 455–485.
- St. Lawrence, J. S., & Brasfield T. L. (1995). HIV risk behavior among homeless adults. AIDS Education and Prevention, 7, 22–31.
- Stein, J. A., & Gelberg, L. (1995). Homeless men and women: Differential associations among substance abuse, psychosocial factors, and severity of homelessness. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 75–86.
- Stein, J. A., & Gelberg, L. (1997). Comparability and representativeness of clinical homeless, community homeless, and domiciled clinic samples: Physical and mental health, substance use, and health services utilization. Health Psychology, 16, 155–162.
- Trussel, J., Sturgen, K., Strickler, J., & Dominick, R. (1994). Comparative efficacy of the female condom and other barrier methods. Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 66–72.
- Wauchope, B. A., & Straus, M. A. (1990). Physical punishment and physical abuse of American children. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families (pp. 133–148). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
- Wenzel, S. L., Ebener, P., Koegel, P., & Gelberg, L. (1996). Drug abusing homeless admissions to California's public substance abuse treatment system. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 28,147–159.
- Wortley, P. M., & Fleming, P. L. (1997). AIDS in women in the United States: Recent trends. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 911–916.
- Zierler, S., & Krieger, N. (1997). Reframing women's risk: Social inequalities and HIV infection. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 401–436.
- Zolopa, A. R., Hahn, J. A., Gorter, R., Miranda, J., Wlodarczyk, D., Peterson, J., Pilote, L., & Moss, A. R. (1994). HIV and tuberculosis infection in San Francisco's homeless adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 455–461.
Ethnic Differences in Risk for HIV Infection and STDs in a Sample of African-American and Latina Homeless Women
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.