Low density lipoprotein cholesterol values and outcome of stroke patients: influence of previous aspirin therapy

References

• Ohira T, Shahar E, Chambless LE, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke subtypes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 2006;37:2493–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke. 2000;31:2616–2622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iadecola C, Yaffe K, Biller J, et al. Impact of hypertension on cognitive function: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Hypertension. 2016;68:e67–e94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, et al. Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet. 2016;388:761–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markaki I, Nilsson U, Kostulas K, et al. High cholesterol levels are associated with improved long-term survival after acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:e47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathisen SM, Dalen I, Larsen JP, et al. Long-term mortality and its risk factors in stroke survivors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25:635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchetti A, Liu L, Mancia G, et al. Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European society of hypertension-Chinese hypertension league stroke in hypertension optimal treatment randomized trial. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1888–1897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Amarenco P, et al. Prediction of major vascular events after stroke: the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:778–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You S, Zhong C, Xu J, et al. LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and risk of all-cause mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2016;38:903–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igase M, Kohara K, Katagi R, et al. Predictive value of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for the prevention of stroke recurrence in Japanese patients treated with rosuvastatin. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;32:513–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing Y, An Z, Yu N, et al. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the outcome of acute ischemic stroke: results of a large hospital-based study. Eur Neurol. 2016;76:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura T, Doi Y, Arima H, et al. LDL cholesterol and the development of stroke subtypes and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Stroke. 2009;40:382–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Ovbiagele B. Stroke: LDL and stroke risk-clinical practice or target practice? Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:8–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas-Silva M, Goncalves L, Medeiros R, et al. Can the previous therapeutic control of the main risk factors of cerebrovascular disease influence the acetylsalicylic Acid-nonresponsive status in acute ischemic stroke patients? Results from a portuguese prospective cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24:1383–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biller J. Antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke: variability in clinical trials and its impact on choosing the appropriate therapy. J Neurol Sci. 2009;284:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwashita M, Matsushita Y, Sasaki J, et al. Relation of serum total cholesterol and other factors to risk of cerebral infarction in Japanese men with hypercholesterolemia. Circ J. 2005;69:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koton S, Molshatzki N, Bornstein NM, et al. Low cholesterol, statins and outcomes in patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrell FE Jr., LEE KL, MARK DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996;15:361–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–1860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh AK, Galloway JM, Hong Y, et al. Aspirin in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:204–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maranhao RC, Leite AC Jr. Development of anti-atherosclerosis therapy based on the inflammatory and proliferative aspects of the disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21:1196–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang L, Choi SH, Baek JS, et al. Control of angiogenesis by AIBP-mediated cholesterol efflux. Nature. 2013;498:118–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Q, Wang Z, Wu L, et al. Aspirin may inhibit angiogenesis and induce autophagy by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway in murine hepatocarcinoma and sarcoma models. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:2804–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorokin AV, Yang ZH, Vaisman BL, et al. Addition of aspirin to a fish oil-rich diet decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis in ApoE-null mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;35:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G, Wang Y, Feng J, et al. Aspirin suppresses the abnormal lipid metabolism in liver cancer cells via disrupting an NFkappaB-ACSL1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;486:827–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamble P, Litvinov D, Aluganti Narasimhulu C, et al. Aspirin may influence cellular energy status. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;749:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Blomgren K, et al. Autophagy in acute brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:467–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fester L, Zhou L, Butow A, et al. Cholesterol-promoted synaptogenesis requires the conversion of cholesterol to estradiol in the hippocampus. Hippocampus. 2009;19:692–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goritz C, Mauch DH, Pfrieger FW. Mauch DH and Pfrieger FW. Multiple mechanisms mediate cholesterol-induced synaptogenesis in a CNS neuron. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2005;29:190–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koudinov AR, Koudinova NV. Cholesterol homeostasis failure as a unifying cause of synaptic degeneration. J Neurol Sci. 2005;229–230:233–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Candela P, Gosselet F, Miller F, et al. Physiological pathway for low-density lipoproteins across the blood-brain barrier: transcytosis through brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro. Endothelium. 2008;15:254–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselet F, Candela P, Sevin E, et al. Transcriptional profiles of receptors and transporters involved in brain cholesterol homeostasis at the blood-brain barrier: use of an in vitro model. Brain Res. 2009;1249:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keep RF, Zhou N, Xiang J, et al. Vascular disruption and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intracerebral hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2014;11:18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss N, Miller F, Cazaubon S, et al. The blood-brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788:842–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger M, Hartig W, Reichenbach A, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown after embolic stroke in rats occurs without ultrastructural evidence for disrupting tight junctions. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM. Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Nat Med. 2013;19:1584–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Leak RK, Keep RF, et al. Translational stroke research on blood-brain barrier damage: challenges, perspectives, and goals. Transl Stroke Res. 2016;7:89–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth M, Bellosta S. Cholesterol: its regulation and role in central nervous system disorders. Cholesterol. 2012;2012:292598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zytkiewicz M, Gielwanowska L, Wojtasinska E, et al. Resistance to acetylsalicylic acid in patients after ischemic stroke. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2008;118:727–733.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao W, An Z, Hong Y, et al. Low total cholesterol level is the independent predictor of poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a hospital-based prospective study. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vauthey C, de Freitas GR, van Melle G, et al. Better outcome after stroke with higher serum cholesterol levels. Neurology. 2000;54:1944–1949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Budingen HC, Baumgartner RW, Baumann CR, et al. Serum cholesterol levels do not influence outcome or recovery in acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Res. 2008;30:82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, Chen H, Miller WC, et al. Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:998–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu G, Sterling NW, Kong L, et al. Statins may facilitate Parkinson’s disease: insight gained from a large, national claims database. Mov Disord. 2017;32:913–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaster M, Morales-Vidal S, Schneck MJ, et al. Statins in hemorrhagic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11:1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyker AG, Weir CJ, Lees KR. Influence of cholesterol on survival after stroke: retrospective study. BMJ. 1997;314:1584–1588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen TS, Christensen RH, Kammersgaard LP, et al. Higher total serum cholesterol levels are associated with less severe strokes and lower all-cause mortality: ten-year follow-up of ischemic strokes in the Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke. 2007;38:2646–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuliani G, Cherubini A, Atti AR, et al. Low cholesterol levels are associated with short-term mortality in older patients with ischemic stroke. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:293–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, et al. Pretreatment with statins improves early outcome in patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke: a pleiotropic effect of statins or a beneficial effect of hypercholesterolemia? BMC Neurol. 2010;10:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roquer J, Cuadrado-Godia E, Rodriguez-Campello A, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and survival after rtPA treatment in acute stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:648–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadrado-Godia E, Jimenez-Conde J, Ois A, et al. Sex differences in the prognostic value of the lipid profile after the first ischemic stroke. J Neurol. 2009;256:989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marti-Fabregas J, Gomis M, Arboix A, et al. Favorable outcome of ischemic stroke in patients pretreated with statins. Stroke. 2004;35:1117–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir CJ, Sattar N, Walters MR, et al. Low triglyceride, not low cholesterol concentration, independently predicts poor outcome following acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16:76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EE, Shobha N, Dai D, et al. Risk score for in-hospital ischemic stroke mortality derived and validated within the get with the guidelines-stroke program. Circulation. 2010;122:1496–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotto AM Jr. Jeremiah Metzger lecture: cholesterol, inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: is it all LDL? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2011;122:256–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flint AC, Kamel H, Navi BB, et al. Inpatient statin use predicts improved ischemic stroke discharge disposition. Neurology. 2012;78:1678–1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi L, Ghosh S, Wang X, et al. Hypercholesterolemia enhances tolerance to lethal systemic hypoxia in middle-aged mice: possible role of VEGF downregulation in brain. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;291:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magalhaes R, Silva MC, Correia M, et al. Are stroke occurrence and outcome related to weather parameters? Results from a population-based study in northern portugal. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32:542–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Meldrum D, Hardiman O, et al. The Oxfordshire community stroke project classification: correlation with imaging, associated complications, and prediction of outcome in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;12:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arboix A, Blanco-Rojas L, Marti-Vilalta JL. Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke: translation of knowledge to prevention strategies. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14:261–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators SPS, Benavente OR, Hart RG, et al. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:817–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar