Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation of Average Causal Effects in Models with Variable Treatment Intensity

References

• Angrist , J. 1990 . “Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam-Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administrative Records,” . American Economic Review , 80 : 313 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist , J. 1991 . “Grouped-Data Estimation and Testing in Simple Labor Supply Models,” . Journal of Econometrics , 47 : 243 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist , J. , Imbens , G. and Rubin , D. 1995 . “Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables,” . Journal of the American Statistical Association , forthcoming
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist , J. and Krueger , A. 1991 . “Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?,” . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 106 : 979 – 1014 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist , J. and Krueger , A. 1992 . “The Effect of Age at School Entry on Educational Attainment: An Application of Instrumental Variables with Moments From Two Samples,” . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 87 : 328 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashenfelter , O. and Krueger , A. 1994 . “Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins,” . American Economic Review , 84 : 1157 – 1173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , G. 1964 . Human Capital , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Card , D. and Krueger , A. 1992 . “Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States,” . Journal of Political Economy , 100 : 1 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin , J. 1954 . “Errors in Variables,” . Review of the International Statistical Institute , 22 : 23 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Hearst , N. , Newman , T. and Hulley , S. 1986 . “Delayed Effects of the Military Draft on Mortality: A Randomized Natural Experiment,” . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 : 620 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , J. and Hotz , V. J. 1989 . “Choosing Among Alternative Non-experimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training,” . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 84 : 862 – 880 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , J. and Robb , R. 1985 . “Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Interventions,” . In Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data , Edited by: Heckman , J. and Singer , B. 145 – 245 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , P. 1986 . “Statistics and Causal Inference,” . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 81 : 945 – 970 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , P. 1988 . “Causal Inference, Path Analysis, and Recursive Structural Equations Models,” . In Sociological Methodology , Edited by: Clifford , C. Clogg . 449 – 484 . Washington : American Sociological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , P. J. “The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates Under Nonstandard Conditions,” . Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability . Vol. 1 , pp. 221 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Imbens , G. and Angrist , J. 1994 . “Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects,” . Econometrica , 62 : 467 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learner , E. E. 1988 . “Discussion,” . In Sociological Methodology 1988 , Vol. 18 , Washington : American Sociological Association . Chapter 14
   Google Scholar
• Newey , W. 1985 . “Generalized Method-of-Moments Estimation and Testing,” . Journal of Econometrics , 29 : 229 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newey , W. 1990 . “Efficient Instrumental Variables Estimation of Nonlinear Models,” . Econometrica , 58 : 809 – 838 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Permutt , T. and Hebel , J. 1989 . “Simultaneous-Equation Estimation in a Clinical Trial of the Effect of Smoking on Birth Weight,” . Biometrics , 45 : 619 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , D. E. and Swinton , S. S. 1984 . “Effects of Self-Study for Coachable Test Item Types,” . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 266 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins , J. M. 1989a . “The Analysis of Randomized and Non-Randomized AIDS Treatment Trials Using a New Approach to Causal Inference in Longitudinal Studies,” . In Health Service Research Methodology: A Focus on AIDS, NCHSR, U.S. Public Health Service Edited by: Sechrest , L. , Freeman , H. and Bailey , A. 113 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Robins , J. M. 1989b . “The Control of Confounding by Intermediate Variables,” . Statistics in Medicine , 8 : 679 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins , J. M. and Greenland , S. 1992 . “Identifiability and Exchangeability for Direct and Indirect Effects,” . Epidemiology , 3 : 143 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins , J. M. and Tsiatis , A. 1991 . “Correcting for Non-Compliance in Randomized Trials Using Rank-Preserving Structural Failure Time Models,” . Communications in Statistics Part A–Theory and Methods , 20 : 2609 – 2631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , S. and Willis , R. J. 1979 . “Education and Self-Selection,” . Journal of Political Economy , 87 : S7 – S36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. 1974 . “Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies,” . Journal of Educational Psychology , 66 : 688 – 701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. 1977 . “Assignment to a Treatment Group on the Basis of a Covariate,” . Journal of Educational Statistics , 2 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. 1978 . “Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization,” . The Annals of Statistics , 6 : 34 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. 1986 . Comment on “Statistics and Causal Inference” . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 81 : 945 – 970 . by P. Holland
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. 1990 . “Comment: Neyman (1923) and Causal Inference in Experiments and Observational Studies,” . Statistical Science , 5 : 472 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Theil , H. 1958 . Economic Forecasts and Policy , Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Theil , H. 1971 . Principles of Econometrics , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wald , A. 1940 . “The Fitting of Straight Lines if Both Variables are Subject to Error,” . Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 11 : 284 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• White , H. 1982 . “Instrumental Variables Estimation With Independent Observations,” . Econometrica , 50 : 482 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S. 1928 . Appendix to The Tariff on Animal and Vegetable Oils, by P. G. Wright, New York: MacMillan
   Google Scholar