An Historical and Political View of the Reserve and Guard Forces of the Baltic States at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century

REFERENCES

• Adkins, Lieutenant Colonel James A. (USNG) “State Partnership Programs and the Implementation of Strategy.” Unpublished research project. US Army War College, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Altau, Karl (Executive Director of the Joint Baltic American National Committee). Personal interview. 21 July 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Altau , Karl and Ederma , Velio. 1999 . “NATO Summit Leaves Door Open for Baltics.” . The JBANC Chronicle. , May : 1
   Google Scholar
• Archer , Clive. 1998 . “Nordic Involvement and the Baltic States Security: Needs, Response and Success.” . European Security. , 7 ( 3 ) : 57
   Google Scholar
• Baltic Command and Control Information System (BALTCCIS) web page, 9 June 2006. http://www.baltccis.net/?getpage=project
   Google Scholar
• The Baltic Defence College (BALTDEFCOL). 1998 . The Ministries of Defence of the three Baltic Stales. , Tartu : The Baltic Defence College .
   Google Scholar
• Baltic Security Assistance Form (BALTSEA) web page, 18 July 2006. http://www.baltsea.net/?
   Google Scholar
• Blank , Stephen J. 1997 . NATO Enlargement and the Baltic States: What Can the Great Powers Do? , Carlisle, PA : The Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College .
   Google Scholar
• Blank , Stephen J. 1998 . “Russia and the Baltics in the Age of NATO Enlargement.” . Parameters. , XXVIII ( 3 ) : 56
   Google Scholar
• “Border Guard of the Ministry of Interior.” Latvia, Ministry of Interior web page. 25 April 1999. http://www.icm.gov.lv/leM/strukt/erobeza.htm
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Lieutenant Colonel James. (USAR) Personal interview, 31 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan , Barry. 1991 . People Slates & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. , 2nd ed. , London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, Blaine A. (Administrator, Estonian Embassy), Personal interview, 23 March 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Clemmesen, Brigadier Michael (Danish Commandant, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 26 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• “Collective defense.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 29 July 2006. http://en.wikipedia.Org/w/index.php?title=Collective_defense&oldid=66288885
   Google Scholar
• Colvin, Colonel William. (US MLT Chief, Vilnius) Personal interview, 1 April 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Dambergs, Lieutenant Colonel (Ret) Ilmars H. (USA) Personal interview, 19 February. 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Day, Lieutenant Colonel James. (USMC) Personal interview, 1 April 1999.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong , Sjouke. 1992 . NATO's Reserve Forces. , London : Brassey's .
   Google Scholar
• Dilans, Lieutenant Colonel Andis (Latvian Army Instructor, Baltic Defence College). E-mail interview, 28 September 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfer , Ingemar. 1997 . The Nordic Nations in the New Western Security Regime. , Washington, DC : The Woodrow Wilson Center Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eihmanis, Colonel (Ret) Juris (Latvian Instructor, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 26 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• “Estonia.” CD-Rom. Microsoft Bookshelf. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Defence. 2002 . Baltic Defence Cooperation. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Defence. 1999 . Estonia Defence Forces 1991–1996. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Defence. 2005 . Estonia in NATO. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Defence. 1999 . Estonia on the Threshold of NATO. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Defence. 1997 . Kaitseliit, Estonian Defence League. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1998 . “Estonian Border Guard.” . In Estonia Today. , Tallinn : Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• “Estonian Defence Forces 2003–2006.” Estonia, Ministry of Defence web page, 22 March 2006. http://www.mod.gov.ee/static/sisu/files/edf%202003–06%20eng%20002.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Everett, Major William (USNG). “Professionalizing the Estonian Reserve Component.” MS thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Freedlander, Colonel Howard S. (USNG). “Estonia: Its Long Term Prospects as a Democratic State.” MS thesis. Joint Military Intelligence College, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielsson, Colonel Risto (Finnish Head of Tactics, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 26 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Gerry , Colonel Alexander A.C. 1990 . “NATO Reserve Forces Review.” . The Officer. , July : 12 (Ret. USAR).
   Google Scholar
• Grant, Glen (Defense Advisor, Estonian Ministry of Defence). E-mail interviews, 5 & 26 May, 1 June, and 3 July 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Gray , Wilbur E. 1992 . Prussia and the Evolution of the Reserve Army: A Forgotten Lesson of History. , Carlisle, PA : The Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College .
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, Colonel Grant (US MLT Chief, Tallinn). E-mail interview, 18 February 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, Colonel Grant (US MLT Chief, Tallinn). Personal interview. 24 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hillings , Lieutenant General K. G. H. 1999 . “Defensibility.” . Baltic Defence Review. , I : 36 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodel, Colonel Peter (Swiss Instructor, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 26 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Peter (American University). “Engaging Estonia: Military Engagement Programs and the Expansion of European Security.” Presentation at the 20th Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies. Washington, DC, 17 June 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ints, Lieutenant Colonel Harri [National Liaison Representative of Estonia to the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (NATO)]. Personal interview, 24 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Iwaskiw , Walter R. 1996 . Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Country Studies. , Area Handbook Series. , Washington, DC : Library of Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Jacick, Colonel James (US MLT Chief, Riga). Personal interview, 31 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jundzis , Talavs . 1998 . The Baltic States at Historical Crossroads. , Riga : Academy of Science of Latvia .
   Google Scholar
• Juozaitis, Lieutenant Colonel Bronislovas [Chief of Staff and Deputy Commander of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Force (Savanoriai)]. Personal interview (via interpreter), 1 April 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kievenaar, Major General Henry (USA), comp. 1998 . MC Henry Kievenaar Reports/Estonian Defense Assessment. , Washington, DC : GPO . US Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Kievenaar, Major General Henry (USA), comp. 1998 . MC Henry Kievenaar Reports/Latvian Defense Assessment. , Washington, DC : GPO . US Dept. of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Kievenaar, Major General Henry (USA), comp. 1998 . MC Henry Kievenaar Reports/Lithuanian Defense Assessment. , Washington, DC : GPO . US Dept. of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Laaneots , Ants. 1999 . “The Estonian Defence Forces.” . Baltic Defence Review , 1 : 64
   Google Scholar
• “Latvia.” CD- Rom. Microsoft Bookshelf. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Latvia, Ministry of Defence. 1966 . Latvia's Zemessardze (National Guard). , Riga : Latvian Ministry of Defence .
   Google Scholar
• Leika, Lieutenant Colonel Almantas (Chief of Staff, Volunteer Forces of Lithuania). E-mail interview. 12 Mar. 2006
   Google Scholar
• Lidaks, First Lieutenant Karlis (Latvian Assistant Defense Attaché). Personal interview, 23 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Liflander, Christian-Marc [Graduate of the US Military Academy, Counsellor (Defence), Estonian Embassy]. Personal interview, 20 June 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Linde, Herbert M. (Advisor to the Latvian Minister of Defence). Personal interview, 31 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• “Lithuania.” CD-Rom. Microsoft Bookshelf. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . “ Lithuania, Ministry of Economy. ” . In Lithuania Country Profile. , Vilnius : Lithuanian Ministry of Economy .
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . “ Lithuania, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ” . In Fact Sheet: Preparing for NATO. , Vilnius : Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• 2005 . “ Lithuania, Ministry of National Defence. ” . In Defence Reform Fact Sheet. Modernisation of Lithuanian Armed Forces. , Vilnius : Lithuanian Ministry of National Defence .
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . “ Lithuania, Ministry of National Defence. ” . In Overview Lithuanian National Defence System. , Vilnius : Lithuanian Ministry of National Defence. .
   Google Scholar
• Lithuania, Ministry of National Defence. “National Defence Volunteer Forces.” Web page, 17 May 2006. http://www.kam.lt/armed_forces/
   Google Scholar
• Loemaa, Brigadier Velio (Estonian Defence Attaché). Personal interview, 17 March 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Matiss, Colonel Valdis (Latvian Defense Attaché). Personal interview. 10 February 1999.
   Google Scholar
• NATO Information Service. 1989 . NATO Handbook. , Brussels : NATO Office of Information and Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg , Erkki. 1994 . The Baltic Republics: A Strategic Survey , Helsinki : National Defence College . (Finnish Defence Studies 6).
   Google Scholar
• Ott, LT Merle (Estonian Kaitseliit). E-mail interview, 5 May 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Petkevicius, Colonel Romualdas (Lithuanian Defense Attaché). Personal interview, 7 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Porietis, Colonel Guntis (Latvian Army, Military Advisor for the Chief of Staff of the Latvian National Armed Forces). E-mail interview, 15 March 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Prikk, Kxistjan [Second Secretary (Economic Affairs), Estonian Embassy]. Personal interview, 20 June 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Rasiulis, Andrew P. [Director Military Training Assistance Program for Canada (to BALTSEA and other regions of the world)]. Telephone interview, 20 July 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ruutsoo, Rein. “Energy Policy of European Union and Baltic Security Discourse.” Presentation at the 20th Conference of the Association of the Advancement of Baltic Studies. Washington, DC. 17 June 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Sarapinas, Major Valdemaras (Lithuanian Defense Attaché). Personal interview, 10 February 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Simkavicius, Lieutenant Colonel Povilas (Lithuanian Ministry of National Defence). E-mail interview, 8 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Sirel, Major Indrek (Estonian Army). Personal interview, 24 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Smaliukas, Lieutenant Colonel Gintaras (Lithuanian Army, Baltic Defence College). E-mail interview. 14 Sept. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Sõmer, First Lieutenant Tiia (Estonian Instructor, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 27 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stašaitis, Captain Arunas (Lithuanian Instructor, Baltic Defence College). Personal Interview, 27 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Statkeviciute , Giedre. 1999 . “The Development of Lithuanian Armed Forces: view ahead.” . Baltic Defence Review , 1 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Stein , George J. 1990 . “Total Defense: A Comparative Overview of the Security Policies of Switzerland and Austria.” . Comparative Defense Analysis. , 6 ( 1 ) March : 21
   Google Scholar
• Tammela, Lieutenant Colonel Tiit (Estonian Defence Attaché). Personal interview, 2 December 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Teel, Major Mark [(Past) US Bilateral Affairs Officer, Tallinn]. Personal interview, 10 March 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Tiru, Brigadier Mart (Estonian Defence Attaché). Personal interview, 24 February 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Trapans , Jan Arveds. 1998 . “The Baltic States: Defence and Geopolitics.” . European Security. , 7 ( 3 ) Autumn : 93
   Google Scholar
• Trautner, Jeppe (Danish Head of Defense Administration, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 27 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. (USA). “Reserve Forces of the NATO Armies.” Unpublished research project. NATO Defense College and US Army War College, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Tusa , Francis. 1995 . “Three Small States Stand Tall Together Toward a Baltic NATO.” . Armed Forces Journal International. , June : 70
   Google Scholar
• Vizulis, Commander Ingus (Latvian Defense Attaché). Personal interview. 23 February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Vseviov, Jonatan [Third Secretary (Political Affairs) Estonian Embassy]. Personal interview, 23 March 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wadensjo, Lieutenant Colonel Sten (Swedish Assistant Commandant, Baltic Defence College). Personal interview, 26 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Werin, Odd (Swedish Officer at NATO Partnership Coordination Cell). E-mail interview, 18 January 1999.
   Google Scholar
• “What are the Estonian Defence Forces?” Estonia Ministry of Defence web page. 12 June 2006. http://www.mil.ee/index_eng.php
   Google Scholar
• Woehrel, Steven. “Memorandums to US Senator William Roth of Delaware” (Subjects: Estonia's, Latvia's & Lithuania's Qualifications for NATO Membership). Washington, DC: US Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 19–20 January 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Zalkans, Gundars. (National Security Advisor to the President of Latvia). Personal interview, 31 March 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Zalkans , Gundars. 1999 . “The Development of Armed Forces of the Republic of Latvia.” . Baltic Defence Review , 1 : 73
   Google Scholar