(Ine)quality of life: Lithuanian labor migration to Sweden during the economic crisis and its aftermath, 2008–2013

List of interviews cited

• Aivaras, male, 54, manager. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Arnas, male, 53, janitor. Author interview, small town in southern Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Arturas, male, 43, construction worker. Author interview, mid-sized town in central Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Arunas, male, 25, construction worker. Author interview, small town in southern Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Ermina, female, 39, manager. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Giedre, female, 26, domestic worker. Author interview, small town in southern Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gintaute, female, 49, manager. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Jovita, female, 26, domestic worker. Author interview, small town in central Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kristina, female, 38, medical doctor. Author interview, small town in central Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Laura, female, 45, manager. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Loreta, female, 53, medical doctor. Author interview, mid-sized town in eastern Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• LR Parliament. 2008. “Socialiniu ismoku perskaiciavimo ir mokejimo laikinasis istatymas.” Amendment no. XI-537, Vilnius, December 9.
   Google Scholar
• Milda, female, 36, medical doctor. Author interview, mid-sized town in eastern Sweden, January 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Neringa, female, 52, domestic worker. Author interview, small town in southern Sweden, March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Nijole, female, 31, accountant. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Simona, female, 28, domestic worker. Author interview, small town in southern Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Vida, female, 40, manager. Author interview, large city in central Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Vidmantas, male, 27, veterinary. Author interview, small town in northern Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Vytenis, male, 35, construction worker. Author interview, large city in western Sweden, February 2014.
   Google Scholar

• Aidukaite, J. 2009. “The Transformation of Welfare Systems in the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.” In Post-Communist Welfare Pathways: Theorizing Social Policy Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by A. Cerami and P. Vanhuysse, 96–111. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Aidukaite, J., and I. Genelyte. 2012. “Social Policy and Migration in the Baltic State.” Paper presented at the International Sociological Association’s Research Committee on Poverty, Social Welfare and Social Policy (RC19) annual meeting, Oslo, August 23–25.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann, R., P. Bechara, A. Kramer, and S. Rzepka. 2015. “Labour Market Dynamics and Worker Heterogeneity during the Great Recession: Evidence from Europe.” IZA Journal of European Labor Studies 4 (19): 1–29. doi:10.1186/s40174-015-0043-0.
   Google Scholar
• Barcevicius, E., D. Zvalionyte, D. Repeckaite, Z. Martinaitis, and V. Nakrosis. 2008. Ekonomines migracijos reguliavimo strategijos efektyvumo ivertinimas. Vilnius: Viesosios politikos ir vadybos institutas. Accessed 5 April 2013. https://socmin.lrv.lt/uploads/socmin/documents/files/pdf/753_ekomigrac_vertin_i_2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bratsberg, B., O. Raaum, and K. Røed. 2014. “Labour Migrant Adjustments in the Aftermath of the Financial Crisis.” IZA DP No. 8291, June. Accessed 15 October 2015. http://ftp.iza.org/dp8291.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2008. “Constructionism and the Grounded Theory Method.” In Handbook of Constructionist Research, edited by J. A. Holstein and J. F. Gubrium, 397–412. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Haas, H., M. Czaika, M.-L. Flahaux, E. Mahendra, K. Natter, S. Vezzoli, and M. Villares-Varela. 2018. “International Migration. Trends, Determinants and Policy Effects.” International Migration Institute Network Working Papers Series No. 142, University of Oxford. Accessed 11 May 2018. https://www.imi-n.org/publications/international-migration-trends-determinants-and-policy-effects
   Google Scholar
• De Wispelaere, F., and J. Pacolet. 2017. “Posting of Workers: Report on A1 Portable Documents Issued in 2016.” Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Dølvik, J.-E. 2013. “European Movements of Labour: Challenges for European Social Models.” In Europe’s Immigration Challenge: Reconciling Work, Welfare and Mobility, edited by E. Jurado and G. Brochmann, 33–58. London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Donskis, L. 2006. “Pilietis – Baimes pries virsininkus ikaitas.” Delfi.lt, April 10. Accessed 5 April 2013. http://www.delfi.lt/archive/pilietis-baimes-pries-virsininkus-ikaitas.d?id=9270619
   Google Scholar
• EC. 1996. “Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.” OJ L 18, 21 January 1997, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Eichhorst, W., V. Escudero, P. Marx, and S. Tobin. 2010. “The Impact of the Crisis on Employment and the Role of Labour Market Institutions.” IZA DP No. 5320, November. Accessed 5 April 2013. http://ftp.iza.org/dp5320.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Elsner, B., and K. F. Zimmermann. 2013. “Migration 10 Years After: EU Enlargement, Closed Borders, and Migration to Germany.” In Labour Migration, EU Enlargement, and the Great Recession, edited by M. Kahanec and K. F. Zimmermann, 85–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45320-9.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eurobarometers on Social Climate. 2009–12. “European Union.” Accessed 5 April 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb_special_419_400_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. 2017. “Socioeconomic Indicators.” Accessed 17 March 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
   Google Scholar
• Farnsworth, K., and Z. Irving. 2011. “Varieties of Crisis.” In Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems, edited by K. Farnsworth and Z. Irving, 1–30. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Favell, A. 2008. Eurostars and Eurocities: Free Movement and Mobility in an Integrating Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Findlay, A., and F. N. L. Li. 1998. “A Migration Channels Approach to the Study of Professionals Moving to and from Hong Kong.” International Migration Review 32 (3): 682–703. doi:10.2307/2547768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaidys, V. 2012. “Confidence in Political Elites and Political Institutions in Lithuania in 1989–2011 as Reported in Surveys.” In Political Elites in Old and New Democracies, edited by O. Gaman-Golutvina and A. Klemeshev, 436–448. Kaliningrad: Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geddes, M. 2000. “Tackling Social Exclusion in the European Union? the Limits to the New Orthodoxy of Local Partnership.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (4): 782–800. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genelyte, I. 2011. “Lithuania – A Place of Emigration or Evacuation? A Media Analysis of A National Identity in Crisis.” Paper presented at “My PhD” international conference “Does place matter? Central and Eastern Europe in the global world of the 21 century”, Bratislava, Slovakia, October 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Genelyte, I. 2016. “Policy Response to Emigration from the Baltics: Confronting ‘The European elephant in the room’.” In Labour mobility in the enlarged single European market (Vol. 32), edited by J.-E. Dølvik and L. Eldring. Comparative Social Research. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, I. 2011. “From Financial Crisis to Fiscal Crisis.” In Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems, edited by K. Farnsworth and Z. Irving, 49–64. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greskovits, B. 2015. “Ten Years of Enlargement and the Forces of Labour in Central and Eastern Europe.” Transfer 21 (3): 269–284. doi:10.1177/1024258915585932.
   Google Scholar
• Gruzevskis, B., and I. Blaziene. 2011. “Overview of the Labour Market Situation and Employment Policy Developments in 2009–2011.” Report on Lithuania EEO and ad hoc request. Accessed 5 April 2013. http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/igo/2011/463892.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hazans, M. 2016. “Migration Experience of the Baltic Countries in the Context of Economic Crisis.” In Labour Migration, EU Enlargement, and the Great Recession, edited by M. Kahanec and K. F. Zimmermann, 297–344. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45320-9.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jakilaitis, E. 2017. “B. Gruzevskis: Nacionalini turta kuriame visi, o juo pasinaudoja nedidele gyventoju dalis.” LRT.lt, April 5. Accessed 17 March 2018. http://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/ekonomika/4/168760/b_gruzevskis_nacionalini_turta_kuriame_visi_o_juo_pasinaudoja_nedidele_gyventoju_dalis
   Google Scholar
• Janicka, A., and P. Kaczmarczyk. 2016. “Mobilities in the Crisis and Post-Crisis Times: Migration Strategies of Poles on the EU Labour Market.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (10): 1693–1710. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juska, A., and C. Woolfson. 2012. “Policing Political Protest in Lithuania.” Crime, Law and Social Change 57 (4): 403–424. doi:10.1007/s10611-012-9363-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juska, A., and C. Woolfson. 2014. “The Lithuanian Labor Market under the Impact of Crisis: The Formation of the New Austeriat.” In The Contradictions of Austerity: The Socio-Economic Costs of the Neoliberal Baltic Model, edited by J. Sommers and C. Woolfson, 87–117. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Juska, A., C. Woolfson, and I. Genelyte. 2011. “Solidarity and Ethno-Nationalism in Post-Communism: The Case of the Baltic Lithuania.” Paper presentation at the REMESO International workshop “Paradoxes of Liberalism and the Conundrum of Solidarity”, Norrköping, Sweden, October 4.
   Google Scholar
• Kahanec, M., and M. Guzi. 2016. “How Immigrants Helped EU Labor Markets to Adjust during the Great Recession.” IZA DP No. 10443, December. Accessed 17 March 2017. http://ftp.iza.org/dp10443.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kahanec, M., and K. F. Zimmermann, eds. 2016. Labour Migration, EU Enlargement, and the Great Recession. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45320-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kattel, R., and R. Raudla. 2013. “The Baltic Republics and the Crisis of 2008–2011.” Europe-Asia Studies 65 (3): 426–449. doi:10.1080/09668136.2013.779456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesane, I. 2011. “Emigration as a Strategy of Everyday Politics: The Case of Latvian Labour Emigrants in Ireland.” In (Post)Transformational Migration: Inequalities, Welfare State and Horizontal Mobility, edited by M. Nowak and M. Nowosielski, 121–150. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Klusener, S., V. Stankuniene, P. Grigoriev, and D. Jasilionis. 2015. “The Mass Emigration Context from Lithuania: Patterns and Policy Options.” International Migration 53 (5): 179–193. doi:10.1111/imig.12196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornai, J. 2006. “The Great Transformation of Central Eastern Europe: Success and Disappointment.” Economics of Transition 14 (2): 207–244. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2006.00252.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ktu.lt. 2017. “Research: Most Lithuanians Still Emigrate for Economic Reasons.” Accessed 11 May 2018. http://2017.ktu.edu/en/newitem/research-most-lithuanians-still-emigrate-economic-reasons
   Google Scholar
• Kuokstis, V. 2013. “Vidinio prisitaikymo politine ekonomija Baltijos salyse: Valstybiu reakcijos i krize aiskinimas.” PhD diss., Vilnius University.
   Google Scholar
• Kurekova, L. 2011. “The Role of Welfare Systems in Affecting Out-Migration: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe.” International Migration Institute Working Papers Series No. 46. Accessed 5 April 2013. https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/publications/wp-46-11
   Google Scholar
• Labanauskas, L. 2006. “‘Protu nutekejimo’ problema Lietuvoje: Mediku emigracija.” Filosofija. Sociologija 2: 27–34. Accessed 5 April 2013. http://mokslozurnalai.lmaleidykla.lt/publ/0235-7186/2006/2/27-34.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lazutka, R., A. Juska, and J. Navicke. 2018. “Labour and Capital under Neoliberal Economic Model: Economic Growth and Demographic Crisis in Lithuania.” Europe-Asia Studies 70 (9): 1433–1449. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1525339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likic-Brboric, B. 2011. “EU Enlargement, Migration, and Asymmetric Citizenship: Political Economy of Inequality and the Demise of the European Social Model?” Globalizations 8 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1080/14747731.2011.576844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likic-Brboric, B., Z. Slavnic, and C. Woolfson. 2013. “Labour Migration and Informalisation: East Meets West.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 33 (11/12): 677–692. doi:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2012-0087.
   Google Scholar
• Lithuanian Labor Exchange. 2017. “Labour market.” Statistical indicators. Accessed 7 March 2017. http://www.ldb.lt/en/Information/LabourMarket/Pages/statistics.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Lithuanian statistics. 2017. “Database for Socioeconomic Indicators.” Accessed 11 May 2018. https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize#/
   Google Scholar
• Lithuanian statistics. 2018. “Database for Migration Indicators.” Accessed 11 May 2018. https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize#/
   Google Scholar
• LR Government. 2011. “Valstybinio socialinio draudimo ir pensiju sistemos pertvarkos gairiu igyvendinimo priemoniu planas.” Decision no. 684, Vilnius, June 8.
   Google Scholar
• LR Ministry of Social Security and Labor. 2011. “SODROS reforma.” Accessed 5 April 2013. https://socmin.lrv.lt/
   Google Scholar
• LR Parliament. 2008. “Nutarimas del Lietuvos Respublikos vyriausybes programos.” Resolution no. XI-52, Vilnius, December 9.
   Google Scholar
• Lulle, A. 2009. “Labour Emigration: Government and Social Partner Policies in Latvia.” In EU Labour Migration since Enlargement: Trends, Impacts and Policies, edited by B. Galgoczi, J. Leschke, and A. Watt, 291–310. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Lulle, A. 2013. “Baltic Triplets? Out-Migration, Migration and Responses to Crisis.” Regional Formation and Development Studies 11 (3): 135–145.
   Google Scholar
• Martinaitis, Z., and J. Ivanauskaite. 2012. “Makroekonominiai migracijos veiksniai.” In Uzburtas ratas? Lietuvos gyventoju griztamoji ir pakartotine migracija, edited by D. Zvalionyte and E. Barcevicius, 148–166. Vilnius: Vaga.
   Google Scholar
• Martinaitis, Z., and D. Zvalionyte. 2007. “Emigracija is Lietuvos: Ka zinome, ko nezinome ir ka turetume zinoti?” Politologija 3 (47): 112–134.
   Google Scholar
• Maslauskaite, A., and V. Stankuniene. 2007. Seima abipus sienu: Lietuvos transnacionalines seimos geneze, funkcijos, raidos perspektyvos. Vilnius: Tarptautines Migracijos Organizacija, Socialiniu tyrimu institutas.
   Google Scholar
• Meardi, G. 2012. Social Failures of EU Enlargement: A Case of Workers Voting with Their Feet. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mesic, N., and C. Woolfson. 2015. “Roma Berry Pickers in Sweden: Economic Crisis and New Contingents of the Austeriat.” Transfer 21 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1177/1024258914561411.
   Google Scholar
• Migracija skaiciais. 2018. “Migracijos tendencijos.” Accessed 11 May 2018. http://123.emn.lt/
   Google Scholar
• Moses, J. W. 2005. “Exit, Vote and Sovereignty: Migration, States and Globalization.” Review of International Political Economy 12 (1): 53–77. doi:10.1080/09692290500049979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakrosis, V., A. Vilpisauskas, and V. Kuokstis. 2015. “Fiscal Consolidation and Structural Reforms in Lithuania in the Period 2008–2012: From Grand Ambitions to Hectic Firefighting.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 81 (3): 522–540. doi:10.1177/0020852315581786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navicke, J. 2014 “Between a Risk Society and a Welfare State: Social Risk Resilience and Vulnerability to Poverty in Lithuania.” EUROMOD Working Paper No. EM 4/14. https://www.euromod.ac.uk/publications/between-risk-society-and-welfare-state-social-risk-resilience-and-vulnerability-poverty
   Google Scholar
• Navicke, J. 2017. “Factors of the Income Inequality in the Baltics: Income, Policy, Demography.” EUROMOD Working Paper No. EM 11/17. https://www.euromod.ac.uk/publications/factors-income-inequality-baltics-income-policy-demography
   Google Scholar
• Navicke, J., and R. Lazutka. 2017. “Distributional Implications of the Economic Developments in the Baltics: Reconciling Micro and Macro Perspectives.” Social Indicators Research 138: 187–206. doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1645-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, M. 2011. “Inequalities and Migration (Mainly from the Polish Perspective): Why Do Central and Eastern European Societies Need More Welfare States?” In (Post)Transformational Migration: Inequalities, Welfare State and Horizontal Mobility, edited by M. Nowak and M. Nowosielski, 23–58. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Nowak, M., and M. Nowosielski, eds. 2011. (Post)Trans-Formational Migration: Inequalities, Welfare State and Horizontal Mobility. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Park, A. 2015. “A Society of Departure in Post-Communist Europe: Socio-Political Reasons behind Mass Lithuanian Emigration.” East European Politics 31 (4): 407–428. doi:10.1080/21599165.2015.1080163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J. 1979. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Polakowski, M., and D. Szelewa. 2016. “Poland in the Migration Chain: Causes and Consequences.” Transfer 22 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1177/1024258916636581.
   Google Scholar
• Razanauskaite, J. 2012. “Socialines politikos vertinimai: Lyginamoji 2010–2011 metu duomenu analize.” Presentation at the seminar “Lietuvos socialiniu problemu stebesena”, Kaunas Technical University, Lithuania, October 19.
   Google Scholar
• Saar, M. 2016. “Individualization of Migration from the East? Comparison of Different Socio-Demographic Groups and Their Migration Intentions.” Studies of Transition States and Societies 8 (3): 45–59. Accessed 7 May 2017. http://publications.tlu.ee/index.php/stss/article/viewFile/274/388
   Google Scholar
• Sipaviciene, A. 2015. “Recent Developments in International Migration and Migration Policy in Lithuania, 2014.” Report for Lithuania. OECD Expert meeting, Paris, October 12–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sipaviciene, A., and V. Stankuniene. 2011. “Lietuvos gyventoju (e)migracijos Dvidesimtmetis: Tarp laisves rinktis ir isgyvenimo strategijos.” Filosofija. Sociologija 22 (4): 323–333. Accessed 5 April 2013. http://mokslozurnalai.lmaleidykla.lt/filosofijasociologija/2011/4/6485
   Google Scholar
• Sippola, M. 2013. “The Awkward Choices Facing the Baltic Worker: Exit or Loyalty.” Journal of Baltic Studies 44 (4): 451–473. doi:10.1080/01629778.2013.779059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavnic, Z. 2010. “Political Economy of Informalization.” European Societies 12 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1080/14616690903042724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SODRA. 2014. Data on posted workers retrieved from correspondence with Foreign Benefits Agency at SODRA.
   Google Scholar
• Standing, G. 2011. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Sweden. 2018. “Migration – Internal and External.” Statistical database. Accessed 11 May 2018. http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/?rxid=f45f90b6-7345-4877-ba25-9b43e6c6e299
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J. E., A. Sen, and J.-P. Fitoussi. 2010. “Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress.” Accessed 5 April 2013 http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/
   Google Scholar
• Thaut, L. 2009. “EU Integration and Migration Consequences: The Case of Lithuania.” International Migration 47 (1): 191–233. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00501.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubareviciene, R., M. van Haam, and D. Burneika. 2016. “Shrinking Regions in a Shrinking Country: The Geography of Population Decline in Lithuania 2001–2011.” Urban Studies Research 2016: 1–18. doi:10.1155/2016/5395379.
   Google Scholar
• Vanhuysse, P. 2006. Divide and Pacify: Strategic Social Policies and Political Protests in Post-Communist Democracies. Budapest: Central European University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woolfson, C. 2007. “Labour Standards and Migration in the New Europe: Post-Communist Legacies and Perspectives.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 13 (2): 199–218. doi:10.1177/0959680107078253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolfson, C. 2010. “‘Hard Times’ in Lithuania: Crisis and ‘Discourses of Discontent’ in Post-Communist Society.” Ethnography 11 (4): 487–514. doi:10.1177/1466138110372586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelano, K., G. Bucken-Knapp, J. Hinnfors, and A. Spehar. 2014. “Mapping and Analysis of Types of Migration from CEE Countries: Country Report Sweden.” IMAGINATION Working Paper 3. Accessed 23 September 2015. https://vanostaijen.wordpress.com/publications/
   Google Scholar