Amber, women, and situla art

NOTES

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• On all these subjects see discussions and bibliography in Bonfante L. Out of Etruria: Etruscan Influence North and South Oxford 1981 103 BAR Suppl. Series
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• Murray , O. 1980 . Early Greece , 74 – 74 . London : Fontana . cites Etruscan control of metal, amber, and tin from Britain. For Transalpine influence on Etruscan armor during the Villanovan period coming in by way of the amber route, see P. F. Stary, “Foreign Elements in Etruscan Arms and Armour: 8th to 3rd Centuries, B.C.,” Proc. Prehist. Soc., 45 (1979), 186.
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• Catacchio , Nuccia Negroni . 1978 . “ L'ambra nella protostoria italiana ” . In Ambra Oro del Nord , 83 – 87 . Venice : Alfieri . in N. Negroni Catacchio, “Le vie dell'ambra, i passi alpini e l'Alto Adriatico,” in Aquileia e l'arco alpino orientale (Udine: Arti Grafiche Friulane, 1976), 21–59; D. E. Strong, Catalogue of the Carved Amber in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London: British Museum, 1966), 3–4, 7–9, 24–28, 48–58. For bibliography, see especially Studi e ricerche sulla problematica dell'ambra. Atti della cooperazione interdisciplinare italo-polacca, I (Rome: C. N. R., 1975). For color picture and descriptions of unpublished pieces from the Castellani Collection, see Gabriella Bordenache Battaglia, Gioielli antichi dall'età micenea all'ellenismo, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Collezione Augusto Castellani (Rome, 1980), Nos. 3, 5–9, 11.
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• Cornell , T.J. 1979–80 . Rome and Latium Vetus, 1974–79 . Archaeological Reports , : 71 – 88 . esp. 74, 77; Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice, 1976), 55, 342–45, No. 112, pl. 94 (G. Bartoloni: Satricum, Tomb 6); 287, Nos. 91, 93, pls. 73, 61. See also A. M. Bietti Sestieri, Ricerca su una comunità del Lazio protostorico. Il speolcreto dell'Osteria dell'Osa sulla via Prenestina (Rome: De Luca, 1979), 54–56, Nos. 60–64 (Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri), 61–62, 71, 97–98, 104; 105–06 (magic and religion), 108 (dress); 161–62; 174–75.
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• Frey , O.-W. 1969 . Die Entstehung der Situlenkunst , Berlin : De Gruyter . “Der Welthallstattkreis im 6. Jh. v. Chr.,” in Die Hallstattkultur (Steyr, 1980), 80–116; G. Fogolari, “La protostoria delle Venezie,” in Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, IV (Rome: Biblioteca di Storia Patria, 1975), 61–222, esp. 124–32; Arte delle situle dal Po al Danubio (Florence, 1961); and O.-W. Frey and W. Lucke, Die Situla in Providence (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1962) [hereafter Lucke-Frey] are basic and illustrate all the situlae. See also bibliography in L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria.
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• According to J. Perret, Tacitus organized his narrative with reference to the amber route: see his introduction to the Budé edition of Tacitu's Germania Belles Lettres Paris 1967 15 15
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• Lucke-Frey, passim; Bonfante L. Out of Etruria 15 65 See now G. Camporeale, La caccia in Etruria (Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider, 1984).
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• Peroni , R. From Bronze Age to Iron Age: Economic, Historical and Social Considerations . Italy Before the Romans , 28 ( 9 ) in “There is no overall treatment of the rich females' tombs.” See also L. Benvenuti, La situla Benvenuti nel Museo di Este (Este, 1886), 11, pl. 2; A. Prosdocimi, in Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana, 2 (1880), 79–96; and below notes 28–32.
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• Frey . Entstehung , 18 96 – 96 . (No. L), 101 (No. 4), pls. 47–50, Beilage 1; G. Fogolari and O.-W. Frey, “Considerazioni tipologiche e cronologiche sul II e il III periodo atestino,” Studi Etruschi, 33 (1965), 242–43, 266–70 (tomb furnishings).
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• On hospitality, see Tacitus Germania 21 21 see also 13, 15, 21–23.
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• Steingräber , S. 1979 . Etruskische Möbel , 22 – 27 . Rome : Giorgio Bretschneider . 149–51, Cat. Nos. 427–28, 434, 436; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 38, 56. Dress: L. Bonfante, Etruscan Dress (Baltimore: John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1975), 13, 34–35, 68–69; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 18–21.
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• Bonfante , L. 1977 . The Corsini Throne . Journal of the Walters Gallery , 36 : 110 – 122 . L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 79–91, esp. 82.
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• Horses: Tacitus, Germania 10. On the chariot as a status symbol, see Zevi F. Castel di Decima Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo 255 255 in C. Saulnier, L'armée et la guerre dans le monde étrusco-romain (VIIIe–IVe s.) (Paris: De Boccard, 1980), 49–51, 57, 59, 65–70. On horses and amber from the Veneto, see M. Grant, The Etruscans (New York, 1980), 109 and M. Cristofani, The Etruscans (London, 1979), 67.
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• Axe as symbol: Bonfante L. I popoli delle situle: una civiltà protourbana Dialoghi de Archeologia 1979 2 79 81 notes 34–43; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 37, notes 26–34.
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• Govi , C. Morigi . 1971 . Il tintinnabulo della ‘Tomba degli Ori,’ . Archeologia Classica , 23 : 211 – 235 . L. Bonfante, Etruscan Dress, fig. 2; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 41, figs. 5–6. The most recent listing of the tomb's contents, with previous bibliography, is in Dalla Stanza delle Antichità al Museo Civico, 316–17 (S. Tovoli).
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• Colonna , G. “ Le fasi protourbane dell'età del ferro ” . In Civiltà del Lazio primitivo 28 – 28 . in on the high position of women in the Orientalizing period: “Si delinea un'élite, in cui la donna è privilegiata quanto l'uomo e riceve nella tomba uguale profusione di beni.” Cf. M. Pallotino, “Inquadramento storico,” in Civiltà del Lazio primitivo, 51. One woman was buried with chariots (254–55), another with a knife (361–62). The hatchet shape of the pendant was probably related to the axe as a symbol of power.
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• Bonfante , L. Out of Etruria 22 – 22 .
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• Govi , C. Morigi and Tovoli , S. 1979 . La Tomba Melenzani 22. Osservazioni sul Villanoviano III a Bologna . Studi Etruschi , 47 : 6 – 7 . 14, No. 13, fig. 4.13 (bronze distaff). See also Bietti Sestieri, Ricerca su una comunità, 42, No. 33 (spindle whorls); 42–43, No. 34 (spools); 54, No. 59 (bronze distaff). Bietti Sestieri remarks that in a second place (830–770 B.C.) certain women's tombs seem to distinguish weavers from spinners (143); cf. 110, 170.
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• Hoernes , M. 1898 . Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa , 28 – 29 . Vienna : A. Holzhausen . V. S. Megaw, Art of the European Iron Age (New York, 1970), 46, fig. 10; L. Bonfante, “I popoli delle situle,” 83, fig. 12; 87; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 41, fig. 65.
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• References in Bonfante L. The Women of Etruria Arethusa 1973 6 94 95 100, n. 20.
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• Arte delle Situle , 17 – 17 . Frey, Entstehung, 111, No. 49, pl. 84 (on the tomb context, which included amber beads). On the mirrors, see G. Camporeale, “Lo specchio Arnoaldi,” Parola del Passato, 22 (1976), 451–61; L. Bonfante, “The Arnoaldi Mirror, the Treviso Discs, and Etruscan Mirrors in North Italy,” American Journal of Archaeology, 82 (1978), 235–40, figs. 1–2; L. Bonfante, “The Arnoaldi Mirror: An Addendum,” American Journal of Archaeology, 83 (1979), 106; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 40, fig. 57; G. Sassatelli, Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (CSE), Italia 1, II, 1 (Rome, 1981).
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• Arte delle Situle , pl. 16; L. Bonfante, “Arnoaldi Mirror,” 236, figs. 3–4; L. Bonfante, Out of Etruria, 40, fig. 56.
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• Bonfante , L. Out of Etruria , 19 40 – 40 . For the significance of the couple in an aristocratic society, see L. Bonfante, “Etruscan Couples and Their Aristocratic Society,” Women's Studies, 8 (1981), 157–87 (reprinted in Reflections of Women in Antiquity, ed. H. Foley [New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publ., 1981], 323–42). See also O.-W. Frey, “Bemerkungen zur hallstattischen Bewaffnung im Südostalpenraum,” Archeološki Vestnik, 24 (1973), 626–27: the man walking off to the right was perhaps part of another scene which the artist was unable to fit into the limited space available.
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• Zevi . Civiltà del Lazio primitivo , 254 – 255 . O.-W. Frey, Atti dell' XI Convegno di Studi Etruschi e Italici, Este e Padova 1976 (Florence, 1980); F. Zevi, in Parola del Passato, 32 (1977), 249–62, 270–72. For Greece, see, e.g., S. C. Humphreys, “Family Tombs and Tomb Cult in Ancient Athens,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 100 (1980), 96–126.
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• Govi , Morigi and Tovoli . La Tomba Melenzani 20 – 20 . P. Ducati, “Gli ‘incensieri’ della civiltà villanoviana in Bologna,” Bollettino di Paletnologia Italiana, 37 (1912), 15 ff.
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• An interesting suggestion concerns the possible use of small bits of local resin from coniferous plants—not real amber, as had been thought—as incense, for magical purposes: Boskovic Djurje Sur l'origine de ‘l'ambre’ trouvé dans les localités illyrogrecques des Balkans Revue Archéologique 1962 2 85 87
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• Peroni , R. Bronze Age
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• Women's fibulae with amber: Govi Morigi Tovoli La Tomba Melenzani 20 20
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• Govi , Morigi and Tovoli . La Tomba Melenzani 15 – 19 . Nos. 19–29, 42–44; Negroni Catacchio, “L'ambra,” 87. For the relationship (“Symbiose”) of amber and glass paste see F. W. von Bissing, “Etruskische Skarabaeen und Skaraboeide aus Bernstein,” Studi Etruschi, 5 (1931), 49–69, esp. 69. Amber and faience in the Mycenaean period: C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, “Amber and Faience,” Antiquity, 37 (1963), 301–02. Coral, glass beads, and amber: F. R. Hodson and R. M. Rowlett, “From 600 B.C. to the Roman Conquest,” in France Before the Romans, ed. S. Piggott, G. Daniel, and C. McBurney (London, 1973), 182–83; see also 136, 145 on amber trade. On coral, see remarks by O.-W. Frey, in discussion to S. Champion, “Coral in Europe: Commerce and Celtic Ornament,” in Celtic Art in Ancient Europe, P. M. Duval and C. F. C. Hawkes, eds. (London, 1976); T. E. Haevernick, Glasperlen Vorrömischen Eisenzeit, I, ed. O.-W. Frey (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1983). Glass and glaesum: E. Klein, Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (Amsterdam, 1966–67), s.u.; see also the article by Giuliano Bonfante in this volume.
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• Bedini , A. “ Castel di Decima ” . In Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo 287 – 288 . in No. 92, Tomb 101, pl. 58B. See also Tomb 153, pl. 73 for another woman of Latium with dress completely covered with amber beads, glass paste, scarabs, and other precious imported materials (F. Zevi, Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo, 287).
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