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Regionalism and cultural development

Baltic area languages in the Soviet Union: A sociolinguistic perspective

Pages 5-20 | Published online: 15 Dec 2010

NOTES

  • For a discussion of a geographic classification of Soviet languages, see Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages—Their Past, Present and Future Kreindler Isabelle T. Mouton de Gruyter Berlin 1985 4 5
  • See Haugen Einar The Ecology of Language Stanford University Press Stanford 1972 325 325
  • Kurman , George . 1968 . The Development of Written Estonian , Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press . Velta Rūķe-Draviņa, The Standardization Process in Latvian (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1977); K. M. Ul'vidas, “Litovskii iazyk” in K. M. Musaev, ed., Opyt sovershenstvovaniia alfavitov i orfografii iazykov narodov SSSR (Moscow: Nauka, 1982) 214–218.
  • See Vardys V. Stanley Modernization and Baltic Nationalism Problems of Communism 1975 5 36 36 Iu. D. Desheriev, “Iazykovye problemy vzaimodeistviia kul'tur,” Mezhnatsional'nye sviazi i vzaimodeistvie kul'tur narodov SSSR (Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1976) 97.
  • Kurman . 9 – 9 .
  • Fishman , Joshua A. 1973 . Language and Nationalism , 62 – 62 . Rowley, Mass. : Newbury House .
  • Oras , Ants . 1963 . Estonian Literary Reader , 4 – 5 . Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press . K. Zalevskii, “Natsional'nye dvizheniia,” in Martov et al, eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XXgo veka, 4 Vols (St. Petersburg: Pol'za, 1909–1914) Vol. 4, part 2, 193; Rūķe-Draviņa 68.
  • Rūķe-Draviņa 84, 30; von Rauch Georg The Baltic States Hurst & Co. London 1974 7 7 Juozas Jakstas, “Lithuania to World War I,” in A. Gerutis, ed., Lithuania 700 Years (New York: Maryland, 1969) 133.
  • von Rauch . 9 – 9 .
  • Chekhov , N.V. 1912 . Narodnoe obrazovanie v Rossii , 162 – 163 . Moscow : Pol'za .
  • Rūķe-Draviņa . 43 – 44 . 46.
  • Bulat , A . 1910 . “ Litovtsy ” . In Formy natsional'nogo dvizheniia , Edited by: Kastelianskii , A.I. 437 – 437 . St. Petersburg : Pol'za . in
  • Mikhal'chenko , V.Iu. 1975 . Sotsiolingvisticheskie problemy razvivaiuschchikhsia stran , Edited by: Desheriev , Iu.D. 281 – 281 . Moscow : Nauka . in Albertas Gerutis, “Independent Lithuania,” in Gerutis 254.
  • Bulat . 437 – 437 . Jakštas, in Gerutis 133.
  • Toivo , U and Raun . “ Language Development and Policy in Estonia ” . In Kreindler 18 – 18 . in
  • Vardys , Stanley V. 1965 . “ Independent Lithuania: A Profile ” . In Lithuania Under the Soviets. Portrait of a Nation , Edited by: Vardys , S.V. 24 – 24 . New York : Praeger . in von Rauch 128–134.
  • Oras 1; Bilmanis Alfred A History of Latvia Greenwood Westport, Conn. 1951 373 373
  • Rūķe-Draviņa . 51 – 51 .
  • Aavik was very much concerned with esthetics while Veski stressed practicality and regularity; Aavik sought to modernize Estonian chiefly by borrowing from Finnish and by creating neologisms, while Veski favored relying mainly on the internal resources of Estonian Raun Kreindler 18 19 in
  • Parming , Tönu and Järvesoo , Elmar , eds. 1978 . A Case Study of a Soviet Republic: The Estonian SSR , 31 – 31 . Boulder, Colo. : Westview . Rūķe-Draviņa 80–81.
  • See Pachmuss Temira Russian Culture in the Baltic States and Finland, 1920–1940 Journal of Baltic Studies XVI 383 402
  • Rūķe-Draviņa 84–85; Buda V. Nekotorye aspekty kul'tury rechi pri kontaktirovanii iazykov Kontakty russkogo iazyka s iazykami narodov pribaltiki et al. Znanie Riga 1984 112 112 in Joan T. Weengard, “Language and Literature in Estonia,” in R. S. Clem, ed., The Soviet West (New York: Praeger, 1974) 15.
  • Misiunas , Romuald and Taagepera , Rein . 1983 . The Baltic States: Years of Dependence 1940–1980 , 26 – 26 . London : Hurst .
  • Vasermanis , Ia.I. and Zile , L.Ia. 1986 . Stroitel'stvo sotsializma v Latvii . Sovetskaia etnografiia , : 47 – 47 . Gustav Rank, “Ethnographic Studies,” in Parming and Järvesoo 321–325; Rolfs Ekmanis, Latvian Literature Under the Soviets (Belmont, Mass.: Nordland, 1978) 45.
  • Ekmanis 51–57; Kukk Hilja Tartu University Library Through Three and a Half Centuries: 1632–1982 Journal of Baltic Studies XIII 357 357
  • 1967 . Pechat' SSSR za 50 let , 104 – 104 . Moscow : Kniga . Kurman 92; George Kurman, “Estonian Literature,” in Parming and Järvesoo 248.
  • Ekmanis 162. For an Estonian version, see Kurman Parming and Järvesoo 249 250 in
  • Feoktistov , A.P. 1976 . Ocherki po istorii formirovaniia mordovskikh pis'mennoliteraturnykh iazykov , 9 – 9 . Moscow : Nauka .
  • Zeps , Valdis J. 1963 . “ Latvian ” . In Current Trends in Linguistics , Edited by: Sebeok , Thomas A. Vol. 1 , 266 – 267 . The Hague : Mouton . in William R. Schmalstieg, “Lithuanian,” Current Trends in Linguistics 288; “Bibliograficheskii ukazatel' po voprosam sviazei russkogo iazyka s iazykami narodov pribaltiki: 1945–1981,” in Blinkena 165–185.
  • Weinreich , Uriel . 1953 . The Russification of Soviet Minority Languages . Problems of Communism , XI ( 6 ) : 46 – 57 .
  • Rūķe-Draviņa 47; Blinkena A.Ia. Latyshskii iazyk in Musaev 211–212; Iu. N. Baldunchiks, “O roli latyshsko-russkogo dvuiazychiia v distantnykh mezh'iazykovykh sviaziakh,” in Blinkena 39–40.
  • See Strong Anna L. Lithuania's New Way Lawrence & Wishart London 1941 33 33
  • Sheianova , T.M. 1968 . Razvitie leksiki Erzia-Mordovskogo iazyka v sovetskuiu epokhu , 160 – 160 . Saransk : Mordknigizdat .
  • For an excellent discussion of these laws and of national opposition to them, see Bilinsky Yaroslav The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–1959 and Soviet Nationality Policy Soviet Studies October 1962 XII 139 157
  • Kreindler , Isabelle . 1982 . The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , : 14 – 15 .
  • Solchanyk , Roman . 1982 . Russian Language and Soviet Politics . Soviet Studies , XXXIV ( 1 ) January : 23 – 42 . “Osnovnye napravleniia reformy,” Russkii iazyk v natsional'noi shkole, No. 4, July–August, 1984: 3–22.
  • Misiunas and Taagepera . 145 – 145 .
  • Raun . Kreindler 27 – 27 . in
  • Raun . Kreindler 22 – 22 . in L. Dambriunas, “The State of Linguistics in Soviet Lithuania,” in T. F. Magner, W. R. Schmalstieg, eds., Baltic Linguistics (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1970) 45–46.
  • Quoted in Remeikis Thomas Opposition to Soviet Rule in Lithuania Institute of Lithuanian Studies Chicago 1980 86 86
  • 1974 . Russkii iazyk v natsional'noi shkole , September–October : 5 – 5 . and No. 6, November–December 1975: 20; Narodnoe obrazovanie, No. 3, 1979: 16; Iu. D. Desheriev, Razvitie obshchestvennykh funktsii literaturnykh iazykov (Moscow: Nauka, 1976) 11–12. Writing in Sovetskaia Estoniia, M. Guboglo also complained about the “artificial elevation of the importance of the national languages.” (Sovetskaia Estoniia, February 26, 1985, pp. 3–4).
  • In Estonia, for example, two thirds of all 6-year-olds were receiving Russian lessons in the first grade or in kindergarten in the 1986–1987 school year Russkii iazyk v estonskoi shkole January–February 1987 1 6 6
  • A recent study of children's names from mixed Estonian and Russian families in the city of Tallinn showed that all children who attended Estonian-language schools identified themselves as Estonians even if their names were typically Russian Russkii iazyk v estonskoi shkole January–February 1987 1 53 56
  • Baikova L.S. Zlatopol'skii I.M. Piall' E.N. Rol' russkogo iazyka kak sredstva mezhdunarodnogo obshcheniia v Estonii Russkii iazyk v natsional'nykh respublikakh sovetskogo soiuza et al. Nauka Moscow 1980 106 106 in
  • Raun, in Kreindler 29. Karklins Rasma Ethnic Relations in the USSR Allen & Unwin Boston 1986 137 137
  • 1986 . Russkii iazyk v estonskoi shkole , February–March : 3 – 8 . 9–18.
  • 1986 . Beseda za kruglym stolom . Russkii iazyk v estonskoi shkole , May–June : 49 – 53 . No. 5, September–October 1986: 27.
  • Bromley , IuV. and Maamiagi , V.A. “ O kompleksnom izuchenii mezhnatsyional'nykh sviazei i vzaimodeistviia kul'tur narodov SSSR ” . In Mezhnatsyonal'nye sviiazi 123 – 123 . in
  • 1986 . Russki iazyk v estonskoi shkole , May–June 14; Weengard 15.
  • Lewis , E. Glyn . 1972 . Multilingualism in the Soviet Union , 193 – 193 . The Hague : Mouton . Sovetskaia pedagogika, December 1972: 148.
  • Remeikis 153–154; 373–375; Radio Liberty Research 361/80 1980 October 3 450/80, December 5, 1980.
  • July 1986 . Russkii iazyk v natsional'noi shkole July , 58 – 58 . Radio Libert 18/82, January 14, 1982; 66/82, February 10, 1982; Roman Solchanyk, “USSR's Great Language Debate, 2,” Soviet Analyst, December 22, 1982: 5–6.
  • Weengard 14; Eiche Aleksandra Latvian Declinable and Indeclinable Participles: Their Syntactic Function, Frequency and Modality—A Synchronic Study based on Latvian Fiction of the 1960s and 1970s Almqvist & Wiksell Stockholm 1983
  • Bromley , Iu.V. 1975 . Sovetskie etnicheskie protsessy 288 – 289 . Moscow I. D. Marinesku, Dvuiazychie—faktor sblizheniia sotsialisticheskikh natsii i narodnostei (Kishinev: Kartia Moldovenskae, 1975) 67.
  • Haugen , Einar . 1977 . “ Norm and Deviation in Bilingual Communities ” . In Bilingualism: Pedagogical, Social and Educational Implications , Edited by: Hornby , Peter . 93 – 93 . New York : Academic . in
  • Silenieks , Juris . 1984 . “ Introduction ” . In Contemporary Latvian Poetry , Edited by: Cedrins , Inara . Iowa City : University of Iowa . in
  • Liiv , Maimu . November–December 1986 . “ Prilagatel'noe ‘chernyi’ i ego sootvetsviia v estonskom iazyke ” . In Russkii iazyk v estonskoi shkole November–December , 44 – 49 .
  • Ul'vidas . Musaev 216 – 217 . in
  • Raun . Kreindler 23 – 24 . in
  • Skunia , V.P . “ Rol' iazykovykh kontaktov v razvitii latyshskogo literaturnogo iazyka ” . In Blinkena 22 – 26 . in
  • Rūķe-Draviņa . 116 – 116 . 118
  • Simm , L. “ Russkie zaimstvovaniia v estonskom slange ” . In Blinkena 149 – 156 . in
  • Ilves , Toomas . 1987 . The Gorbachev Visit . Baltic Area SR/2 , March : 3 – 11 . 20 Dzintra Bungs, “Dispute over the Latvian Language Continues,” Baltic Area SR/2, 20 March 1987, 23–28.

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