The rationale and implementation of the 1984 Soviet school reform in Latvia

NOTES

• 1984 . PSKP Lëmums-Par Vispārizglīotjošo un Profesionālo Skolu Reformas Pamatvirzieniem . Skolotāju Avīze (henceforth Sk. Av.) , April : 6 – 6 . 18 (This School Reform draft henceforth cited as “School Reform”).
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• School Reform 3 – 3 .
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• School Reform 3 – 3 .
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• School Reform 5 – 5 . “Alleged” because opportunities for parent/student input are rarely described.
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• March 1983 . Aleksander Shtromas, lecture, University of Chicago March , and Imants Lešinskis, lecture, University of Stockholm, August 1985.
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• Brodelis , Jan . 1983 . The Vague Outline of Andropov's School Reform . Radio Liberty Reports 4 November 1983 from Literaturnaya Gazeta , 35 : 15 – 15 . cited in Voronitsyn
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• Zajda , Joseph I. 1984 . Education in the USSR , 201 – 201 . New York : Pergamon Press .
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• Kalniņš , Viktors . 1987 . Novosibirskas Memoranda . Latvija Amerikā , 16 May : 2 – 2 . Also see R. Kalpiņa's series in Literatūra un Māksla March 1987.
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• 1982 . All-Union Population Census . Vestnik Statistiki in Soviet Education , Jan., Feb. : 310 – 310 . from March
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• See Gregory Paul Appraisals The Soviet Economy Toward the Year 2000 Abram Bergson Herbert S. Levine Allen & Unwin Winchester, MA 1983 429 429 for an analysis of the rapidity of the decline as a critical factor.
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• Eason , Warren W. 1984 . “ Population and Labor Force ” . In Economies of Soviet Regions , Edited by: Koropeckyj , I.S. and Schroeder , Gertrude E. 13 – 14 . New York : Praeger .
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• Vītoliņš , E. 1977 . “ Latvijas PSR Iedzīvotāju Mirstība ” . In Demografijas Sociālas Problēmas Latvijas PSR , Edited by: Zvidriņš , P. and Mezgailis , B. 51 – 51 . Riga : Zinatne . For all-Union statistics, see D. K. Willis, How the Russians Really Live (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985) 154.
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• See Treml Vladimir Death From Alcohol Poisoning in the USSR Soviet Studies October 1982 497 497 for statistics.
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• Zvidriņš , Pēteris . 1984 . Cik Ilgi Dzīvosim? . Literatüra un Māksla , 22 June : 13 – 13 . Zvidriņš reports the first 40,000+ birth years since the 1950s.
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• Pūriņš . 40 – 42 .
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• Dreifelds , Juris . “ Belorussia and the Baltics ” . In Koropeckyj, Schroeder 347 – 347 . in Dreifelds cites skilled labor, engineering and light industry.
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• November 1985 . “ Partijas Ekonomiska Strategija ” . In Cīņa November , 1 – 1 . 12
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• School Reform 4 – 4 .
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• March 1985 . Reuters News Service March , 15 and 2 April 1985
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• et al. Darba, Solidaritātes un Miera Soļi Cīņa May 1985 1 1 2
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• November 1985 . “ Partijas Ekonomiska Strategija ” . In Cīņa November , 12
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• Dreifelds . 347 – 347 .
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• Tatiana Zaslavskaya cites statistics in Izvestia 1985 June 1 cited in A. Shtromas, “How the End of the Soviet System May Come About: Historical Precedents and Possible Scenarios,” paper presented at Professors World Peace Academy, Second International Conference, Geneva, 1985, 48.
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• Tomin , N.P. 1984 . Rising Standards of Public Education in the Developed Socialist Society . Soviet Education , April : 54 – 54 . 6
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• Tomin . 59 – 59 .
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• The All-Union Population Census 292 – 292 . Also see Zvidriņš, Mežgailis in Demografijas Sociālas Problēmas Latvijas PSR.
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• Alijev . 3 – 3 .
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• Auziņš , A. 1984 . No Bezdarbības Aug Mazvërtība . Cīņa , May : 3 – 3 . 8
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• Pauls Putniņš, cited in Jansons U. Tautu Draudzības Attïstïba un Citi Procesi Brīvā Latvija May 1987 3 3 25
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• Pugo , Boris . 1984 . Latvijas KP CK Pirmā Sekretāra B. Pugo Referāts . Cīņa , June : 3 – 3 . 17 and “School Reform,” 6.
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• Pugo . 2 – 2 .
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• 1984 . Latvijas PSR Augstākās Padomes Lēmums . Cīņa , June : 3 – 3 . 17
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• School Reform 4 – 5 .
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• Spier . 1984 . Soviet Brochure Says Jews Are Responsible for Deterioration in East-West Relations . RLR , August 9 among others.
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• Malinovskis , A. 1984 . PSKP Sociāli Ekonomiska Politika un Naidīgas Propagandas Neveiksmīgie Mēginājumi Sagrozīt Tās Saturu . Padomju Latvijas Komunists , December : 65 – 70 . Also see “East-West Relations and Baltic States,” Tass, 14 January 1984.
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• 1984 . Uz Starta Erglēns . Padomju Jaunatne , June : 1 – 1 . 14 The World Federation of Free Latvians Information Bureau, Münster, Germany, 30 January 1985, Die Welt and other media reported on the death of Ieva Zutere.
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• Samsone , I. 1984 . Neatlaidīgs Darbs Jau Sodien . Sk. Av. , 28 March : 1 – 1 .
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• Zvirbule , I. 1983 . Spēka Pielikšanas Punktus Iezīmējot . Rīgas Balss , September : 2 – 2 . 27
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• Gorbachev , M. 1987 . Cīņa , February : 1 – 1 . 20
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• Gedrovics , A. 1984 . Pilnveidot Starpnacionālo Sakaru Valodas Mācīšanu . Sk. Av. , May 23
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• Germanis , U. 1987 . Ar Atbildību Sasirdzis . Laiks , March 11 Also see J. Peters, Sk. Av. 26 March and 1 May 1987 regarding increased teaching of Latvian.
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• 1984 . Pienācis Laiks Rīkoties . Sk. Av. , May : 3 – 3 . 23
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• See Sk. Av. 1987 May numerous editions in April
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• 1987 . Gorbachev Attacks Nationalism in the Baltic States . Baltic Bulletin , 2 May : 2 – 2 .
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