Breaking Barriers and Building Bridges: Understanding the Pervasive Needs of Older LGBT Adults and the Value of Social Work in Health Care

REFERENCES

• Adelman, M., Gurevitch, J., de Vries, B., & Blando, J. (2006). Openhouse: Community building and research in the LGBT aging population. In D. Kimmel, T. Rose, & S. David (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 247–264). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Addis, S., Davies, M., Greene, G., MacBride-Steward, S., & Shepherd, M. (2009). The health, social care and housing needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people: a review of the literature. Health and Social Care, 17, 647–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Hospital Association. (2007). When I’m 64: How Boomers will change health care. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association, First Consulting Group.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anetzberger, G., Ishler, K., Mostade, J., & Blair, M. (2004). Gray and gay: A community dialogue on the issues and concerns of older gays and lesbians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 17(1), 23–41.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, R. M. (2008). Gay and lesbian health disparities: Evidence and recommendations for elimination. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 2, 91–120.
   Google Scholar
• Behney, R. (1994). The aging network’s response to gay and lesbian issues. Outword: Newsletter of the Gay and Lesbian Aging Issues Network of the American Society on Aging, 1(2), 2.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, R. M., & Kelly, J. J. (1996). Gay men and lesbians grown older. In R. P. Cabaj & T. S. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 305–316). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bergh, N. V. D., & Crisp, C. (2004). Defining culturally competent practice with sexual minorities: Implications for social work education and practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 40, 221–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, C., & Zinberg, G., (1997). Homophobia and heterosexism in social workers. Social Work, 42, 319–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blando, J. (2001). Twice hidden: Older gay and lesbian couples, friends, and intimacy. Generations, 25, 87–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, J. D. (2004). Health pessimism among Black and White adults: The role of interpersonal and institutional maltreatment. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 2523–2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman, S., Ryan, B., Collins, S., Chamberland, L., Cormier, R., Julien, D., & Richard, B. (2007). Coming out to care: Caregivers of gay and lesbian seniors in Canada. Gerontologist, 47, 490–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman, S., Ryan, B., & Cormier, R. (2003). The health and social service needs of gay and lesbian elders and their families in Canada. Gerontologist, 43, 192–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. T. (2000). Being Black and feeling blue: The mental health of consequences of racial discrimination. Race & Society, 2, 117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Burch, A. (2008). Health care providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy for working with patients with spinal cord injury who have diverse sexual orientations. Physical Therapy, 88, 191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgard, S. A., Cochran, S. D, & Mays, V. M. (2005). Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(1), 61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, S. S. (2004). Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) elders: The challenges and resilience of this marginalized group. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 9, 25–44.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, S., & Hope, B. (1999). Health and well being for late middle-aged and older lesbians in a rural area. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 9(4), 27–46.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, S. (2002). Long term care issues affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual and trans-gender elders. Journal of Geriatric Care Management, 12(3), 4–8.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, S. R., & South, K. (2002). Policy issues affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in retirement. Generations, 26, 49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, S., South, K., & Spade, J. (2000). Outing age: Public policy issues affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender elders. Retrieved from http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/reports/OutingAge.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Center for Study of Filmed History (Producer). (1985). Before Stonewall: The making of a gay and lesbian community [Videotape]. New York, NY: First Run Features.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, D., & Young, M. (1986). Self-concept of lesbian and heterosexual women. Psychological Reports, 59, 1279–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climent, C. E., Ervin, F. R., Rollings, A., Plutchik, R., & Batinelli, C. J. (1997). Epidemiological studies of female prisoners. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 164, 25–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clover, D. (2006). Overcoming barriers for older gay men in the use of health services: A qualitative study of growing older, sexuality and health. Health Education Journal, 65, 41–52.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, B. N., Peavy, K. M., & Cauce, A. M. (2007). Substance abuse treatment providers’ explicit and implicit attitudes regarding sexual minorities. Journal of Homosexuality, 53, 181–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohler, B. J., & Hostetler, A. J. (2006). Gay lives in the Third Age: Possibilities and paradoxes. Annual Review of Gerontological and Geriatrics, 26, 263–281.
   Google Scholar
• Compton, B., & Galaway, B. (1989). Social work processes. Belmont, CA: Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (1992). Curriculum policy statement for baccalaureate and Master’s degree programs in social work education. Alexandria, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (2013). Council on sexual orientation and gender expression. Retrieved from http://www.cswe.org/About/governance/CommissionsCouncils/15550/15548.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Crisp, C. (2006). The Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP): A new measure for assessing cultural competence with gay and lesbian clients. Social Work, 52, 115–126.
   Google Scholar
• Crisp, C., Wayland, S., & Gordon, T. (2008). Older gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults: Tools for age-competent and gay affirmative practice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 20(1–2), 5–29.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, D. (1996). Toward a model of gay affirmative therapy. In D. Davies & C. Neal (Eds.), Pink therapy: A guide for counselors and therapists working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients (pp. 24–40). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeHart, D. (2008). Breast health behavior among lesbians: The role of health beliefs, heterosexism, and homophobia. Women & Health, 48, 409–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, R. M, Ayala, G., Bein, E., Henne, J., & Marin, B. V. (2001). The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinkel, S., Patzel, B., McGuire, M., Rolfs, E., & Purcell, K. (2007). Measures of homophobia among nursing students and faculty: A Midwestern perspective. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 4(1), Article 24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drabble, L., Midanik, L. T., & Trocki, K. (2005). Reports of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual respondents: results from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(1), 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenbach, D. (2006). Gay power: An American revolution. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf.
   Google Scholar
• Flaxman, N. (2001). Isolated and underserved: Reaching lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender seniors. Marquette Elder’s Advisor, 3, 39–42.
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Woodford, M. R., Luke, K. P., & Gutierrez, L. (2011). Support of sexual orientation and gender identity content in social work education: Results from national surveys of U.S. and Anglophone Canadian faculty. Journal of Social Work Education, 47(1), 19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay and Lesbian Medical Association. (2001). Healthy people 2010: Companion document for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health. Retrieved from http://glma.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/HealthyCompanionDoc3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gay and Lesbian Medical Association. (2006). Guidelines for care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender patients. Retrieved from http://glma.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H. (2008). Conducting research among older lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 20(1–2), 51–67.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M. B., Nightengale, J., & Owen, N. (1995). Health care professionals’ experiences, knowledge, and attitudes concerning homosexuality. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 2, 91–107.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, M., Robach, H., Tittler, B., Weitz, L. Walston, B. A., & McKee, E. (1978). Psychological adjustment of non-patient homosexuals: Critical review of the research literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 39, 604–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, J. E., Sell, R. L., & Gorin, S. S. (2006). Health care access among individuals involved in same-sex relationships. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1111–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (1992). The social context of hate crimes: Notes on cultural heterosexism. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 89–104). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2008). Retooling for an aging America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. S., Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Torres, M., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. (1996). Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: A thirteen-year national panel study. Ethnicity & Disease, 6, 132–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, N., Johnson, M., & Roberts, R. (2008). The potential impact of discrimination fears of older gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender individuals living in small- to moderate-sized cities on long-term health care. Journal of Homosexuality, 54, 325–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyasingham, D. (2008). Knowledge/ignorance and the construction of sexuality in social work education. Social Work Education, 27, 138–151.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. V., Mimiaga, M. J., & Bradford, J. (2008). Health care issues among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) populations in the United States: Introduction. Journal of Homosexuality, 54, 213–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. J., Jackson, N. C., Arnette, J. K., & Koffman, S. D. (2005). Gay and lesbian perceptions of discrimination in retirement care facilities. Journal of Homosexuality, 49, 83–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehoe, M. (1986). Lesbians over 65: A triple minority. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 139–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel, D. C. (1978). Adult development and aging: A gay perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 113–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, S. (2009, February). Addressing the health needs of older gays and lesbians. Liberty Press, 15(6), 25, 28. Retrieved from GenderWatch (Document ID: 1646751781).
   Google Scholar
• Knochel, K. A., Croghan, C. F., Moone, R. P., & Quam, J. K. (2012). Training, geography, and provision of aging services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55, 426–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kochman, A. (1997). Gay and lesbian elderly: Historical overview and implications for social work practice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 6(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Koerner, B. (2002, December 10). What is sodomy? Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/id/2075271/
   Google Scholar
• Kramarow, E., Lubitz, J., Lentzner, H., & Gorina, Y. (2006). Trends in the health of older Americans, 1970–2005. Health Affairs (Millwood), 26, 1417–1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (1990). Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure? Social Science & Medicine, 30, 1273–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA study of young black and white adults. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1370–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyper, L., & Fokkema, T. (2010). Loneliness among older lesbian, gay and bisexual adults: The role of minority stress. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1171–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LGBT Movement Advancement Project & SAGE. (2010). Improving the lives of LGBT older adults. New York, NY: Authors. Retrieved from http://safeusa.org/uploads/Advancing%20Equality%20for%20LGBT%20Elders%20[FINAL%20COMPRESSED].pdf
   Google Scholar
• LGBT Organizations Fact Sheet Series. (2013). After DOMA: What it means for you. Retrieved from http://www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/Post-DOMA_General_v4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Logie, C., Bridge, T. J., & Bridge, P. D. (2007). Evaluating the phobias, attitudes, and cultural competence of master of social work students toward the LGBT populations. Journal of Homosexuality, 53, 201–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longres, J., & Fredriksen, K. I. (2000). Issues in the work with gay and lesbian clients. In P. Allen-Meares & C. Garvin (Eds.), Handbook of social work direct practice (pp. 477–449). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Maril, R., & Estes, C. (2013). Living outside the safety net: LGBT families and Social Security. Human Rights Campaign and the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare Foundation. Retrieved from http://issuu.com/lgbtagingcenter/docs/livingoutsidesafetynet
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. I., Messinger, L., Kull, R., Holmes, J., Bermudez, F., & Sommer, S. (2009). Council on Social Work Education-Lamba Legal Study of LGBT issues in social work. Retrieved from http://www.lambdalegal.org/news/pr/va_20091102_cswe-and-lambda.html
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, P. (2011). A modern conceptualization of sexual prejudice for social work educators. Social Work Education, 30, 558–570.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, K. H., Bradford, J. B., Makadon, H. J., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., & Landers, S. (2008). Sexual and gender minority health: What we know and what needs to be done. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, P., & Sanders, S. (2003). A pilot study about the needs of older gays and lesbians: What social workers need to know. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 40(3), 67–80.
   Google Scholar
• Meisner, B., & Hynie, M. (2009). Ageism with heterosexism: Self-perceptions, identity and psychological health in older gay and lesbian adults. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 5(1), 51–58. Retrieved from GenderWatch (GW). (Document ID: 1791869861).
   Google Scholar
• MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2006). Out and aging: The MetLife study of lesbian and gay baby boomers. Westport, CT: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, S. F., & Garfinkle, E. M. (1978). Male homophobia. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 29–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, S., & Dinkel, S. (2012). Heterosexism and health care: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 47, 123–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow, D. F. (2008). Older gays and lesbians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13(1–2), 151–169.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, D. F., & Messinger, L. (2006). Sexual orientation and gender expression in social work practice: Working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (2013). Diversity and cultural competence. Retrieved from http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/features/issue/diversity.asp
   Google Scholar
• National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. (2010). FAQ sheet on LGBT elders and Outing Age 2010 [Data File]. Retrieved from: http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/outing_age_2010_faq.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (2006). Examining the health disparities research plan of the National Institutes of Health: Unfinished business [Executive summary]. Retrieved from http://fermat.nap.edu/execsumm_pdf/11602.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Senior Citizens Law Center in collaboration with Lambda Legal, National Center for Lesbian Rights, National Center for Transgender Equality, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE). (2011). LGBT Older Adults in long-term care facilities: Stories from the field. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtagingcenter.org/resources/resource.cfm?r=54
   Google Scholar
• Newman, B. S., Dannenfelser, P. L., & Benishek, L. (2002). Assessing beginning social work and counseling students’ acceptance of lesbians and gay men. Journal of Social Work Education, 38, 273–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orel, N. (2006). Community needs assessment: Documenting the need for affirmative services for gay, lesbian, and bisexual elders. In D. Kimmel, T. Rose, & S. David (Eds.). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 321–346). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orel, N. A. (2004). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual elders: Expressed needs and concerns across focus groups. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 43(2–3), 55–77.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J., & Marks, G. (2006). Coming out, coming in: How do dominant discourses around aged care facilities take into account the identities and needs of ageing lesbians? Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 2(2), 67–77.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, S. (2005). Assessing the cultural needs of older lesbians and gay men: Implications for practice. Practice, 17, 207–218.
   Google Scholar
• Robison, J. (2002, October 8). What percentage of the population is gay? Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/6961/what-percentage-population-gay.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, E. B., Meredith, S. D., MacLean, M. J., & Orange, J. B. (1995). Changing the way we talk with elders: Promoting health using the communication enhancement model. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41(2), 69–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir, M., Robins, E., Walbran B., & Gentry, K. (1970). Homosexuality: Psychological disorders and disabilities in the female homosexual. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 147– 154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir, M. T., & Robins, E. (1973). Male and female homosexuality: A comprehensive investigation. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Saulnier, C. F. (2002). Deciding who to see: Lesbians discuss their preferences in health and mental health care providers. Social Work, 47(4), 355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. M., & Valente, S. M. (1987). Suicide risk among gay men and lesbians: A review. Death Studies, 11, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebelius, K. (2011). Repealing the health care law would be costly for LGBT Americans. Retrieved from http://www.outinthemountains.org/2011/february/op-ed/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Services and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Elders. (SAGE). (2010). Improving the lives of LGBT older adults. Retrieved from http://sageusa.org/uploads/Abbreviated%20-%20Improving%20the%20Lives%20of%20LGBT%20Older%20Adults%20%5BFinal%5D
   Google Scholar
• Siegelman, M. (1972). Adjustment of homosexual and heterosexual women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 477–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, G. L., Beckerman, N. L., & Sherman, P. A. (2010). Lesbian and gay elders and long term care: Identifying the unique psychosocial perspectives and challenges. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 421–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein, G. L., & Bonuck, K. A. (2001). Physician–patient relationships among the lesbian and gay community. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 5(3), 87–93.
   Google Scholar
• Swank, E., & Raiz, L. (2008). Attitudes toward lesbians of practicing social workers and social work students. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 13(2), 55–67.
   Google Scholar
• Wahler, J., & Gabbay, S. (1997). Gay male aging: A review of the literature. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 6(3), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Weinick, R., Zuvekas, S., & Drilea, S. (1997). Access to health care—Sources and barriers (MEPS Research Findings No. 3, AHCPS Pub. No. 98-0001). Rockville, MD: DHHS, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
   Google Scholar
• Wolinsky, F. D., Callahan, C. M., Fitzgerald, J. F., & Johnson, R. J. (1992). The risk of nursing home placement and subsequent death among older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 47(4), S173–S182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1984). Health promotion: A World Health Organization document on the concept and principles. Canadian Public Health Association Digest, 8(6), 101–102.
   Google Scholar