Fecal Water as a Non-Invasive Biomarker in Nutritional Intervention: Comparison of Preparation Methods and Refinement of Different Endpoints

References

• Potter , J D . 1999 . Colorectal cancer: molecules and populations . J Natl Cancer Inst , 91 : 916 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKok , T MCM and van Maanen , J MS . 2000 . Evaluation of fecal mutagenicity and colorectal cancer risk . Mutation Res , 463 : 53 – 101 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rieger , M A , Parlesak , A , Pool-Zobel , B L , Rechkemmer , G and Bode , C . 1999 . Diets high in fat and meat, but low in fiber increase the genotoxic potential of fecal water . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 2317 – 2326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osswald , K , Becker , T W , Grimm , M , Jahreis , G and Pool-Zobel , B L . 2000 . Inter- and intra-individual variation of fecal water—genotoxicity in human colon cells . Mutation Res , 472 : 59 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberreuther-Moschner , D , Caderni , G , Dolara , P , Jahreis , G Rechkemmer , G . 2004 . Dietary intervention with the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus 145 and Bifidobacterium longum 913 modulates DNA-damage inducing potential of human faecal water in HT29clone19A cells . Br J Nutrition , 91 : 925 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinder , A , Förster , A , Caderni , G , Femia , A P and Pool-Zobel , B L . 2004 . Fecal water genotoxicity is predictive of tumor preventive activities by inulin-like oligofructoses, probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bifidobacterium lactis) and their synbiotic combination . Nutr Cancer , 49 : 144 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , W R , Varghese , A J , Furrer , R and Land , P C . 1977 . “ A mutagen in the feces of normal humans ” . In Book C: Human risk assessment, vol. 4 , Edited by: Hiatt , H H , Watson , J D and Winsten , J A . 1641 – 1646 . New York : Cold Spring Harbor .
   Google Scholar
• Venturi , M , Hambly , R J , Glinghammer , B , Rafter , J J and Rowland , I R . 1997 . Genotoxic activity in human fecal water and the role of bile acids: a study using the alkaline comet assay . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 2353 – 2359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , N P , McCoy , M T , Tice , R R and Schneider , E L . 1988 . A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells . Experimental Cell Res , 175 : 184 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafter , J , Chin , S M , Andersson , A M , Alder , R Eng , W . 1987 . Cellular toxicity of fecal water depends on diet . Am J Clin Nutr , 45 : 559 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , J A , Dunne , C , Collins , J K , Shanahan , F and O'Brien , N M . 2002 . Genotoxicity of fecal water in a free-living Irish population . Nutr Cancer , 42 : 62 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapre , J A , de Vries , H T , Termont , D S , Kleibeuker , J H de Vries , E GE . 1993 . Mechanisms of the protective effect of supplemental dietary calcium on cytolytic activity of faecal water . Cancer Res , 53 : 248 – 253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geltner-Allinger , U , Johansson , G K , Gustafsson , J and Rafter , J J . 1989 . Shift from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet: influence on acidic lipids in fecal water—a potential risk factor for colon cancer . Am J Clin Nutr , 50 : 992 – 996 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govers , M J , Termont , D S , Lapre , J A , Kleibeuker , J H Vonk , R J . 1996 . Calcium milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibit colonic cytotoxicity in humans . Cancer Res , 56 : 3270 – 3275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peralta Soler , A , Miller , R D , Laughlin , K V , Carp , N Z Klurfield , D M . 1999 . Increased tight junctional permeability is associated with the development of colon cancer . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 1425 – 1431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , D MP , Ryan , M P and McGlynn , H . 1996 . An in vitro model to assess tumor promoter activity . Br J Cancer , 74 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Albini , A , Iwamoto , Y , Kleinman , H K , Martin , G R Aaronson , S A . 1987 . A rapid in vitro assay for quantitating the invasive potential of tumour cells . Cancer Res , 47 : 3239 – 3245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augeron , C and Laboisse , C L . 1984 . Emergence of permanently differentiated cell clones in a human colonic cancer cell line in culture after treatment with sodium butyrate . Cancer Res , 44 : 3961 – 3969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool-Zobel , B L , Bub , A , Müller , H , Wollowski , I and Rechkemmer , G . 1997 . Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of an intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 1847 – 1850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinder , A , Gietl , E , Hughes , R , Jonkers , N Karlsson , P . 2004 . Gut fermentation products of inulin-derived prebiotics beneficially modulate markers of tumor progression in human colon tumor cells . Int J Cancer Prevention , 1 : 19 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien , J , Wilson , I , Orton , T and Pognan , F . 2000 . Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity . Eur J Biochem , 267 : 5421 – 5426 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Commane , D M , Shortt , C T , Silvi , S , Cresci , A Hughes , R M . 2005 . Effects of fermentation products of pro- and prebiotics on trans-epithelial electrical resistance in an in vitro model of the colon . Nutr Cancer , 51 : 102 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , C I , Boyd , A , McDermott , E , McCann , M Servili , M . 2005 . Potential anti-cancer effects of virgin olive oil phenols on colorectal carcinogenesis models in vitro . Int J Cancer , 117 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinghammar , B , Inoue , H and Rafter , J J . 2002 . Deoxycholic acid causes DNA damage in colonic cells with subsequent induction of caspases, COX-2 promoter activity and the transcription factors NF-κ B and AP-1 . Carcinogenesis , 23 : 839 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R , Pollock , J R and Bingham , S . 2002 . Effect of vegetables, tea, and soy on endogenous N-nitrosation, fecal ammonia, and fecal water genotoxicity during a high red meat diet in humans . Nutr Cancer , 42 : 70 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar