Effect of Colonic Bacterial Metabolites on Caco-2 Cell Paracellular Permeability In Vitro

REFERENCES

• Almer , S , Franzen , L , Olaison , G , Smedh , K and Strom , M . 1993 . Increased absorption of polyethylene glycol 600 deposited in the colon in active ulcerative colitis . Gut , 34 : 509 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander , D , Vadheim , C , Brettholz , E , Patterson , G M Delahunty , T . 1986 . Increased intestinal permeability in patients with Crohns disease and their relatives . Ann Intern Med , 105 : 883 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullin , J M , Peralta Soler , A , Laughlin , K V , Kampherstein , J A Russo , L M . 1996 . Chronic exposure of LLC-PK1 epithelial to the phorbol ester TPA produces polyp like foci with leaky tight junctions and altered protein kinase C expression and localisation . Exp Cell Research , 227 : 12 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peralta Soler , A , Miller , R D , Laughlin , K V , Carp , N Z Klurfield , D M . 1999 . Increased tight junctional permeability is associated with the development of colon cancer . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 1425 – 1431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J M and Van Itallie , C M . 1999 . Tight junctions: Closing in on the seal . Cur Biol , 9 : R922 – R924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , P D , Tippin , T K and Thakker , D R . 2000 . Enhancing paracellular permeability by modulating epithelial tight junctions . Pharm Sci Technol Today , 3 : 346 – 358 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullin , J M and O'Brien , T G . 1986 . Effects of tumor promoters on LLC-Pki renal epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial fluxes . Am J Physiol , 251 : C597 – C602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , D MP , Ryan , M P and McGlynn , H . 1996 . An in vitro model to assess tumour promoter activity . Br J Cancer , 74 : 42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullin , J M and McGinn , M T . 1987 . The phorbol ester TPA, increases transepithelial growth factor flux . FEBS Letters , 221 : 359 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarland , G T and MacFarland , S . 1997 . Human colonic microbiota: physiology and metabolic potential of intestinal bacteria . Scand J Gastroenterol , 32 : 3 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R and Rowland , I R . 2000 . Metabolic activities of the gut microflora in relation to cancer . Microb Ecol Health Dis , 12 ( 2Suppl ) : 179 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• World Cancer Research Fund . 1997 . Food Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective , Washington, DC : WCRF/AICR .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J H , Wiggins , H S , Jenkins , D JA , Houston , H Jivraj , T . 1978 . Influence of diets high and low in animal fat on bowel habit, gastrointestinal transit time, fecal microflora, bile acid and fat excretion . J Clin Invest , 61 : 953 – 963 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagengast , F M , Grubben , M JAL and van Munster , I P . 1995 . Role of bile acids in colorectal carcinogenesis . Eur J Cancer , 31A : 1067 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R , Magee , E A and Bingham , S . 2001 . Protein degradation in the large intestine: Relevance to colorectal cancer . Curr Issues Intest Microbiol , 1 : 51 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J H , Hill , M J , Bone , E S , Branch , W J and Jenkins , D JA . 1979 . The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colonic function and metabolism: II. bacterial metabolites in faeces and urine . Am J Clin Nutr , 32 : 2094 – 2101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvester , K R , Bingham , S A , Pollock , J RA , Cummings , J H and O'Neill , I K . 1997 . Effect of meat and resistant starch on fecal excretion of apparent N-nitroso compounds and ammonia from the human large bowel . Nutr Cancer , 29 : 13 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham , S A , Pignatelli , P , Pollock , J RA , Ellul , A Malaveille , C . 1996 . Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer? . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 515 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R , Cross , A J , Pollock , J RA and Bingham , S . 2001 . Dose-dependent effect of dietary meat on endogenous colonic N-nitrosation . Carcinogenesis , 22 : 199 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikugawa , K and Kato , T . 1986 . Formation of a mutagenic diazoquinone by interaction of phenol with nitrite . Food Chem Toxicol , 26 : 209 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visek , W K . 1978 . Diet and cell growth modulation by ammonia . Am J Clin Nutr , 31 : S216 – S220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartram , H-P , Scheppach , W , Schmid , H , Hofmann , A Dusel , G . 1993 . Proliferation of human colonic mucosa as an intermediate biomarker of carcinogenesis: effects of butyrate, deoxycholate, calcium, ammonia and pH . Cancer Res , 53 : 3283 – 3288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto , M , Robine-Leon , S , Appay , M-D , Kedinger , M Triadou , N . 1983 . Enterocyte-like differentiation and polarization of the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 in culture . Biol Cell , 47 : 323 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , K S , Grieshop , C M , Flickinger , E A , Bauer , L L Wolf , B W . 2002 . Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify bowel function and protein catabolites excreted by healthy humans . J Nutr , 132 : 3042 – 3050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gostner , A , Blaut , M , Schäffer , V , Kozianowski , G Theis , S . 2006 . Effect of isomalt consumption on faecal microflora and colonic metabolism in healthy volunteers . Br J Nutr , 95 : 40 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir , J G , Yeow , E GW , Keogh , J , Pizzey , C Bird , A R . 2004 . Combining wheat bran with resistant starch has more beneficial effects on fecal indices than wheat bran alone . Am J Clin Nutr , 79 : 1020 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett , A , Muir , J , Phillips , J , Jones , G and O'Dea , K . 1996 . Resistant starch lowers fecal concentrations of ammonia and phenols in humans . Am J Clin Nutr , 63 : 766 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heavey , P M , Savage , S H , Parrett , A , Cecchini , C Edwards , C A . 2003 . Protein degradation products and bacterial enzyme activities in faeces of breast-fed and formula-fed infants . Br J Nutr , 89 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E A and Macfarlane , G T . 1996 . Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism . J Applied Bacteriol , 81 : 288 – 302 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacFarlane , G T and MacFarlane , S . 1995 . “ Proteolysis and amino acid fermentation ” . In Human Colonic Bacteria , Edited by: Gibson , G R and Macfarlane , G T . 75 – 100 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geypens , B , Claus , D , Evenepoel , P , Hiele , M Maes , B . 1997 . Influence of dietary protein supplements on the formation of bacterial metabolites in the colon . Gut , 41 : 70 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Faassen , A , Hazen , M J , van den Brandt , P A , van den Bogaard , A E Hermus , R J . 1993 . Bile acids and pH values in total feces and in fecal water from habitually omnivorous and vegetarian subjects . Am J Clin Nutr , 58 : 917 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafter , J J , Child , P , Anderson , A M , Alder , R Eng , V . 1987 . Cellular toxicity of fecal water depends on diet . Am J Clin Nutr , 45 : 559 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler , J , Yeung , K S , Furrer , R , Marcon , N Hinmal , H S . 1988 . Proliferative activity of rectal mucosa and soluble fecal bile acids in patients with normal colons and in patients with colonic polyps or cancer . Cancer Lett , 38 : 315 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara , A , Furuse , M , Saitou , M , Ando-Akatsuka , Y and Tsukita , S . 1997 . Possible involvement of phosphorylation of occluding in tight junction formation . J Cell Biology , 137 : 1393 – 1401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , V . 1997 . Phosphorylation of occludin correlates with occluding localization and function at the tight junction . Am J Physiol , 273 : C1859 – C1867 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreeva , A Y , Krause , E , Muller , E-C , Blasig , I E and Utepbergenov , D I . 2001 . Protein kinase C regulates the phosphorylation and cellular localization of occluding . J Biol Chem , 276 : 38480 – 38486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasbarrini , G and Montalto , M . 1999 . Structure and function of tight junctions. Role in intestinal barrier . Italian J Gastroenterol Hepatol , 31 : 481 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongracz , J , Clark , P , Neoptolemos , J P and Lord , J M . 1995 . Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in colorectal cancer tissue and their differential activation by different bile acids . Int J Cancer , 61 : 35 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , Y P , Stravitz , R T , Vlahcevic , Z R , Gurley , E C Sando , J J . 1997 . Activation of protein kinase C alpha and delta by bile acids: correlation with bile acid structure and diacylglycerol formation . J Lipid Research , 38 : 2446 – 2454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yui , S , Saeki , T , Kanamoto , R and Iwami , K . 2005 . Characteristics of apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells induced by deoxycholic acid . J Biochem (Tokyo) , 138 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trosko , J E and Ruch , R J . 1998 . Cell-cell communication in carcinogenesis . Frontiers in Biosciences , 3 : d208 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hervé , J-C , Bourmeyster , N and Sarrouilhe , D . 2004 . Diversity in protein-protein interactions of connexins: emrging roles . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1662 : 22 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar