Impact of Lactose Containing Foods and the Genetics of Lactase on Diseases: An Analytical Review of Population Data

REFERENCES

• Holt , P R . 1999 . Dairy foods and prevention of colon cancer: human studies . J Am Coll Nutr , 18 : 379S – 391S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stefano , M , Veneto , G , Malservisi , S , Cecchetti , L Minguzzi , L . 2002 . Lactose malabsorption and intolerance and peak bone mass . Gastroenterology , 122 : 1793 – 1799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , L D , Martin , B R , McCabe , G P , Johnston , C C Weaver , C M . 2004 . Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly . Am J Clin Nutr , 80 : 1066 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Onge , M P . 2005 . Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: potential functional foods for weight control? . Am J Clin Nutr , 81 : 7 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , M A , Jacobs , D R Jr , Van Horn , L , Slattery , M L Kartashov , A I . 2002 . Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study . JAMA , 287 : 2081 – 2089 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , G D , DiRienzo , D D , Reusser , M E and McCarron , D A . 2000 . Benefits of dairy product consumption on blood pressure in humans: a summary of the biomedical literature . J Am Coll Nutr , 19 : 147S – 164S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birlouez-Aragon , I , Ravelontseheno , L , Villate-Cathelineau , B , Cathelineau , G and Abitbol , G . 1993 . Disturbed galactose metabolism in elderly and diabetic humans is associated with cataract formation . J Nutr , 123 : 1370 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segall , J J . 1994 . Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review of epidemiology . Int J Cardiol , 46 : 197 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , J . 1976 . The distribution of multiple sclerosis in relation to the dairy industry and milk consumption . N Z Med J , 83 : 427 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malosse , D , Perron , H , Sasco , A and Seigneurin , J M . 1992 . Correlation between milk and dairy product consumption and multiple sclerosis prevalence: a worldwide study . Neuroepidemiology , 11 : 304 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilat , T . 1979 . Lactase deficiency: the world pattern today . Isr J Med Sci , 15 : 369 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahi , T , Isokoski , M , Jussila , J , Launiala , K and Pyorala , K . 1973 . Recessive inheritance of adult-type lactose malabsorption . Lancet , 2 : 823 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enattah , N S , Sahi , T , Savilahti , E , Terwilliger , J D Peltonen , L . 2002 . Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia . Nat Genet , 30 : 233 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuokkanen , M , Enattah , N S , Oksanen , A , Savilahti , E Orpana , A . 2003 . Transcriptional regulation of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult-type hypolactasia . Gut , 52 : 647 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse , T A , Bolund , L , Grzeschik , K H , Ropers , H H Sjostrom , H . 1988 . The human lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene is located on chromosome 2 . FEBS Lett , 240 : 123 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y , Harvey , C B , Hollox , E J , Phillips , A D Poulter , M . 1998 . The genetically programmed down-regulation of lactase in children . Gastroenterology , 114 : 1230 – 1236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoons , F J . 1970 . Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biologic and cultural interrelations. II: A culture historical hypothesis . Am J Dig Dis , 15 : 695 – 710 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simoons , F J . 1978 . The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption: a weighing of the evidence . Am J Dig Dis , 23 : 963 – 980 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flatz , G and Rotthauwe , H W . 1973 . Lactose nutrition and natural selection . Lancet , 2 : 76 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , B and Vullo , C . 1994 . Did malaria select for primary adult lactase deficiency? . Gut , 35 : 1487 – 1489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrimshaw , N S and Murray , E B . 1988 . The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance . Am J Clin Nutr , 48 : 1079 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar , J , Kestler , E , Castillo , P , Juarez , A Menendez , R . 1988 . Improved lactose digestion during pregnancy: a case of physiologic adaptation? . Obstet Gynecol , 71 : 697 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzler , S R and Savaiano , D A . 1996 . Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance . Am J Clin Nutr , 64 : 232 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilat , T , Russo , S , Gelman-Malachi , E and Aldor , T A . 1972 . Lactase in man: a nonadaptable enzyme . Gastroenterology , 62 : 1125 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosensweig , N S . 1975 . Diet and intestinal enzyme adaptation: implications for gastrointestinal disorders . Am J Clin Nutr , 28 : 648 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledochowski , M , Sperner-Unterweger , B and Fuchs , D . 1998 . Lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females: a preliminary report . Dig Dis Sci , 43 : 2513 – 2517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberry , J and Mann , R . 1989 . Inflammatory bowel disease in rural sub-Saharan Africa: rarity of diagnosis in patients attending mission hospitals . Digestion , 44 : 172 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberry , J F . 1989 . Recent epidemiology of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . Int J Colorectal Dis , 4 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel , M G and Stockbrugger , R W . 1996 . Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an update . Scand J Gastroenterol , 31 : 417 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1997 . Cancer around the world . CA Cancer J Clin , 47 : 26 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Consumption statistics for milk and milk products 1989 . Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation , 254 : 2541 – 2521 .
   Google Scholar
• Kretchmer , N . 1972 . Lactose and lactase . Sci Am , 227 : 71 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer , D W . 1993 . “ Lactase persistence, galactose metabolism and milk consumption as role factors for ovarian cancer ” . In Common Food Intolerances 2: Milk in Human Nutrition and Adult Type Hypolactasis , Edited by: Aurichi , S and Semenza , G . 52 – 60 . Basel, , Switzerland : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , B and Doll , R . 1975 . Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices . Int J Cancer , 15 : 617 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , D P , Boyar , A P and Wynder , E L . 1986 . International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption . Cancer , 58 : 2363 – 2371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer , D W , Harlow , B L , Willett , W C , Welch , W R Bell , D A . 1989 . Galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer . Lancet , 2 : 66 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanji , A A and Denardi , F G . 1986 . Primary adult lactose intolerance protects against development of inflammatory bowel disease . Med Hypotheses , 19 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buning , C , Ockenga , J , Kruger , S , Jurga , J Baier , P . 2003 . The C/C (-13910) and G/G (-22018) genotypes for adult-type hypolactasia are not associated with inflammatory bowel disease . Scand J Gastroenterol , 38 : 538 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuokkanen , M , Butzow , R , Rasinpera , H , Medrek , K Nilbert , M . 2005 . Lactase persistence and ovarian carcinoma risk in Finland, Poland and Sweden . Int J Cancer , 117 : 90 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasinpera , H , Forsblom , C , Enattah , N S , Halonen , P Salo , K . 2005 . The C/C-13910 genotype of adult-type hypolactasia is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in the Finnish population . Gut , 54 : 643 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi , A , Nathwani , U , Vinokuroff , C , Correa , J A and Shrier , I . 2006 . Evaluation of relationships among national colorectal cancer mortality rates, genetic lactase non-persistence status, and per capita yearly milk and milk product consumption . Nutr Cancer , 55 : 151 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi , A , Nathwani , U , Vinokuroff , C , Correa , J A and Shrier , I . 2006 . The effect of lactose maldigestion on the relationship between dairy food intake and colorectal cancer: a systematic review . Nutr Cancer , 55 : 141 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , L Q , Xu , J Y , Wang , P Y , Kaneko , T Hoshi , K . 2004 . Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer: meta-analysis of case-control studies . Nutr Cancer , 48 : 22 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , X , LaValley , M P and Tucker , K L . 2005 . Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis . J Natl Cancer Inst , 97 : 1768 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J and Kesteloot , H . 2005 . Milk consumption in relation to incidence of prostate, breast, colon, and rectal cancers: is there an independent effect? . Nutr Cancer , 53 : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer , D W . 1989 . Lactase persistence and milk consumption as determinants of ovarian cancer risk . Am J Epidemiol , 130 : 904 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , L Q , Xu , J Y , Wang , P Y , Hashi , A Hoshi , K . 2005 . Milk/dairy products consumption, galactose metabolism and ovarian cancer: meta-analysis of epidemiological studies . Eur J Cancer Prev , 14 : 13 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson , S C , Orsini , N and Wolk , A . 2006 . Milk, milk products and lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies . Int J Cancer , 118 : 431 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genkinger , J M , Hunter , D J , Spiegelman , D , Anderson , K E Arslan , A . 2006 . Dairy products and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 15 : 364 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mommers , M , Schouten , L J , Goldbohm , R A and van den Brandt , P A . 2006 . Dairy consumption and ovarian cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer . Br J Cancer , 94 : 165 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganmaa , D and Sato , A . 2005 . The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers . Med Hypotheses , 65 : 1028 – 1037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mettlin , C J , Schoenfeld , E R and Natarajan , N . 1990 . Patterns of milk consumption and risk of cancer . Nutr Cancer , 13 : 89 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , N F , Martin , L J , Noffel , M , Lockwood , G A and Trichler , D L . 1993 . A meta-analysis of studies of dietary fat and breast cancer risk . Br J Cancer , 68 : 627 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missmer , S A , Smith-Warner , S A , Spiegelman , D , Yaun , S S Adami , H O . 2002 . Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies . Int J Epidemiol , 31 : 78 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi , P W . 2005 . Dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer . J Am Coll Nutr , 24 : 556S – 568S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , M E and Willett , W C . 1998 . Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 7 : 163 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norat , T and Riboli , E . 2003 . Dairy products and colorectal cancer. a review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence . Eur J Clin Nutr , 57 : 1 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , E , Smith-Warner , S A , Spiegelman , D , Beeson , W L van den Brandt , P A . 2004 . Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies . J Natl Cancer Inst , 96 : 1015 – 1022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozynski , M . 2006 . 100 years of lung cancer . Respir Med , 100 : 2073 – 2084 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riboli , E and Norat , T . 2003 . Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk . Am J Clin Nutr , 78 : 559S – 569S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhouser , M L . 2004 . Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk: evidence from human population studies . Nutr Cancer , 50 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mettlin , C . 1989 . Milk drinking, other beverage habits, and lung cancer risk . Int J Cancer , 43 : 608 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaranarayanan , R , Varghese , C , Duffy , S W , Padmakumary , G Day , N E . 1994 . A case-control study of diet and lung cancer in Kerala, south India . Int J Cancer , 58 : 644 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson , G , Liljeqvist , T , Andersson , L , Bergman , B and Rylander , R . 1996 . Dietary factors and lung cancer among men in west Sweden . Int J Epidemiol , 25 : 32 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavanja , M C , Brownson , R C and Benichou , J . 1996 . Estimating the effect of dietary fat on the risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women . Lung Cancer , 14 : S63 – S74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dial , E J and Lichtenberger , L M . 1984 . A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid: studies in adult and suckling rats . Gastroenterology , 87 : 379 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir , A M , Aiba , Y , Takagi , A , Kamiya , S Miwa , T . 1997 . Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection by lactobacilli in a gnotobiotic murine model . Gut , 41 : 49 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu , B S , Cheng , H C , Kao , A W , Wang , S T Yang , Y J . 2006 . Pretreatment with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt can improve the efficacy of quadruple therapy in eradicating residual Helicobacter pylori infection after failed triple therapy . Am J Clin Nutr , 83 : 864 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miwa , H , Go , M F and Sato , N H . 2002 . pylori and gastric cancer: the Asian enigma . Am J Gastroenterol , 97 : 1106 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S A , Kang , D , Shim , K N , Choe , J W Hong , W S . 2003 . Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer . J Epidemiol , 13 : 162 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo , X G and Watanebe , S . 1999 . Factor analysis of digestive cancer mortality and food consumption in 65 Chinese counties . J Epidemiol , 9 : 275 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , H-H , Wu , H-Y , Chuang , Y-C , Chang , A-S Chao , H-H . 1990 . Epidemiologic characteristics and multiple risk factors of stomach cancer in Taiwan . Anticancer Res , 10 : 875 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Amelot , M E . 1997 . The link between Bracken Fern and stomach cancer: milk . Nutrition , 13 : 694 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pironi , L , Callegari , C , Comia , G L , Lami , F Miglioli , M . 1995 . Lactose malabsorption in adult patients with Chron's disease . Am J Gastroenterol , 108 : A877
   Google Scholar
• Mishkin , S . 1997 . Dairy sensitivity, lactose malabsorption, and elimination diets in inflammatory bowel disease . Am J Clin Nutr , 65 : 564 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Tirpitz , C , Kohn , C , Steinkamp , M , Geerling , I Maier , V . 2002 . Lactose intolerance in active Crohn's disease: clinical value of duodenal lactase analysis . J Clin Gastroenterol , 34 : 49 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , T J , Issenman , R M and Jacobson , K . 1998 . Patients' diets and preferences in a pediatric population with inflammatory bowel disease . Can J Gastroenterol , 12 : 544 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joachim , G . 1999 . The relationship between habits of food consumption and reported reactions to food in people with inflammatory bowel disease—testing the limits . Nutr Health , 13 : 69 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jowett , S L , Seal , C J , Phillips , E , Gregory , W Barton , J R . 2004 . Dietary beliefs of people with ulcerative colitis and their effect on relapse and nutrient intake . Clin Nutr , 23 : 161 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galandi , D and Allgaier , H P . 2002 . Diet therapy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: results from meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials (in German) . Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax , 20 : 2041 – 2049 .
   Google Scholar
• Jowett , S L , Seal , C J , Pearce , M S , Phillips , E Gregory , W . 2004 . Influence of dietary factors on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study . Gut , 53 : 1479 – 1484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman , M S , Newman , L J , Berezin , S and Gryboski , J D . 1990 . Cow's milk protein sensitivity during infancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease . Am J Gastroenterol , 85 : 838 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , D , Repucci , A , Wyatt-Ashmead , J and Chelimsky , G . 2000 . Allergic colitis presenting in the first day of life: report of three cases . J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , 31 : 195 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paajanen , L , Korpela , R , Tuure , T , Honkanen , J Jarvela , I . 2005 . Cow milk is not responsible for most gastrointestinal immune-like syndromes—evidence from a population-based study . Am J Clin Nutr , 82 : 1327 – 1335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein , R J . 2003 . Is Crohn's disease caused by a mycobacterium? comparisons with leprosy, tuberculosis, and Johne's disease . Lancet Infect Dis , 3 : 507 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polymeros , D , Bogdanos , D P , Day , R , Arioli , D Vergani , D . 2006 . Does cross-reactivity between mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and human intestinal antigens characterize Crohn's disease? . Gastroenterology , 131 : 85 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , R , Buhler , K and Corti , S . 2002 . Incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bulk-tank milk samples from different regions in Switzerland . Vet Rec , 150 : 214 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , B M , Gould , G W and Rampling , A M . 2002 . Pasteurization of milk and the heat resistance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a critical review of the data . Int J Food Microbiol , 77 : 135 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabel , J R and Lambertz , A . 2004 . Efficacy of pasteurization conditions for the inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk . J Food Prot , 67 : 2719 – 2726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingson , J L , Cheville , J C , Brees , D , Miller , J M and Cheville , N F . 2003 . Absence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis components from Crohn's disease intestinal biopsy tissues . Clin Med Res , 1 : 217 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein , C N , Blanchard , J F , Rawsthorne , P and Collins , M T . 2004 . Population-based case control study of seroprevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis . J Clin Microbiol , 42 : 1129 – 1135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , P H , Farver , T B , Beaman , B , Cetinkaya , B and Morgan , K L . 2006 . Crohn's disease in people exposed to clinical cases of bovine paratuberculosis . Epidemiol Infect , 134 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , H and Noble , M . 2005 . Lack of evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease . Inflamm Bowel Dis , 11 : 782 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi , A . 1998 . Altered colonic environment, a possible predisposition to colorectal cancer and colonic inflammatory bowel disease: rationale of dietary manipulation with emphasis on disaccharides . Can J Gastroenterol , 12 : 133 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatos , P L , Fischer , S , Lakatos , L , Gal , I and Papp , J . 2006 . Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take “toll” ? . World J Gastroenterol , 12 : 1829 – 1841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , J M and Campbell , B J . 2002 . Inflammation and colorectal cancer: IBD-associated and sporadic cancer compared . Trends Mol Med , 8 : 10 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , D M , Dosemeci , M and McGlynn , K . 2002 . Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study . Occup Environ Med , 59 : 257 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , W B . 2002 . An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation . Cancer , 94 : 1867 – 1875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar