Tumoricidal Effects of β-Glucans: Mechanisms Include Both Antioxidant Activity Plus Enhanced Systemic and Topical Immunity

REFERENCES

• Borchers , A T , Keen , C L and Gershwin , M E . 2004 . Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity . Exp Biol Med , 229 : 393 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasser , S P . 2002 . Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 60 : 258 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimiya , Y and Groveman , D S . 2006 . “ Effects of polysaccharides isolated from the Basidiomycetes or other natural medicinal plants on tumor regression and host immune response ” . In Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants Globalization of Herbal Health , Edited by: Sharma , A K , Singh , V K , Govil , J N and Goyal , N K . Vol. 12 , 87 – 98 . Houston, TX : Studium Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hong , F , Yan , J , Baran , J T , Allendorf , D J Hansen , R D . 2004 . Mechanisms by which orally administered β-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor model . J Immunol , 173 : 797 – 806 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno , N , Furukawa , M , Miura , N N , Adachi , Y Motoi , M . 2001 . Antitumor β-glucan from the cultured fruit body of Agaricus blazei . Biol Pharm Bull , 24 : 820 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetvicka , V , Terayama , K , Mandeville , R , Brousseau , P Kournikakis , B . 2002 . Pilot study: orally-administered yeast β-1, 3-glucan prophylactically protects against anthrax infection and cancer in mice . JANA , 5 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , S , Agrawal , S , Banerjee , K and Pulendran , B . 2006 . Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance . J Clin Invest , 116 : 916 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormandy , L A , Farber , A , Cantz , T , Petrykowska , S Wedemeyer , H . 2006 . Direct ex vivo analysis of dendritic cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . World J Gastroenterol , 12 : 3275 – 3282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , R and Lipsky , P E . 1996 . Dendritic cells: origin and differentiation . Stem Cells , 14 : 196 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahn , W S , Kim , D J , Chae , G T , Lee , J M Bae , S M . 2004 . Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy . Int J Gynecol Cancer , 14 : 589 – 594 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duan , X , Ackerly , M , Vivier , E and Anderson , P . 1994 . Evidence for involvement of β-glucan-binding cell surface lectins in human natural killer cell function . Cell Immunol , 157 : 393 – 402 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chihara , G . 1992 . Immunopharmacology of Lentinan, a polysaccharide isolated from Lentinus edodes: its applications as host defense potentiator . Int J Oriental Med , 17 : 55 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Ohno , N , Adachi , Y , Suzuki , I , Oikawa , S Sato , K . 1986 . Antitumor activity of a β-1,3-glucan obtained from liquid cultured mycelium of Grifola frondosa . Biol Pharm Bull , 9 : 861 – 864 .
   Google Scholar
• Seljelid , R . 1986 . A water soluble animated β-1,3-D-glucan derivative causes regression of solid tumors in mice . Biosci Rep , 6 : 845 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y L , Kim , H J , Lee , M S , Kim , J M Han , J S . 2003 . Oral administration of Agaricus blazei (H1 strain) inhibited tumor growth in a sarcoma-180 inoculation model . Exp Anim , 52 : 371 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshiman , K , Fujimiya , Y , Ebina , T , Suzuki , I and Noji , M . 2002 . Orally administered β-1,6-D-polyglucose extracted from Agaricus blazei results in tumor regression in tumor-bearing mice . Planta Med , 68 : 610 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaku , T , Kimura , Y and Okuda , H . 2001 . Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its mechanism of action . J Nutr , 131 : 1409 – 1413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , R S , Kudelka , A P , Kavanagh , J J , Verschraegen , C Edwards , C L . 2000 . Clinical and biological effects of intraperitoneal injections of recombinant interferon-γ and recombinant interleukin-2 with or without tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma . Clin Cancer Res , 6 : 2268 – 2278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimiya , Y , Suzuki , Y , Oshiman , K , Kobori , H Moriguchi , K . 1998 . Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 46 : 147 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , H , Yin , C and Van Dyke , T . 1997 . Apoptosis and cancer mechanisms . Cancer Surv , 29 : 305 – 327 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naik , P , Karrim , J and Hanahan , D . 1996 . The rise and fall of apoptosis during multistage tumorigenesis: down-modulation contributes to tumor progression from angiogenic progenitors . Genes Dev , 10 : 2105 – 2116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salganik , R I , Albright , C D , Rodgers , J , Kim , J Zeisel , S H . 2000 . Dietary antioxidant depletion: enhancement of tumor apoptosis and inhibition of brain tumor growth in transgenic mice . Carcinogenesis , 21 : 909 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guaiquil , V H , Vera , J C and Golede , D W . 2001 . Mechanisms of vitamin C inhibition of cell death induced by oxidative stress in glutathione-depleted HL-60 cells . J Biol Chem , 276 : 40955 – 40961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Andrea , G M . 2005 . Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided . CA Cancer J Clin , 55 : 319 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koleva , I I , Van Beek , T A , Linssen , J PH , de Groot , A and Evstatieva , L N . 2002 . Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods . Phytochem Anal , 13 : 8 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsolić , N , Sver , L , Terzić , S , Tadić , Z and Basić , I . 2003 . Inhibitory effect of water-soluble derivative of Agaricus and its polyphenolic compounds on tumor growth and metastasizing ability: a possible mode of antitumor action . Nutr Cancer , 47 : 156 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gach , J E , Humphreys , F and Berth-Jones , J . 2005 . Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the value of free radical scavengers in reducing inflammation induced by cryotherapy . Clin Exp Dermatol , 30 : 14 – 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahmat , A , Kumar , V , Fong , L M , Endrini , S and Sani , H A . 2003 . Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr , 12 : 308 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa , T and Namiki , M . 1981 . A novel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of Eucalyptus leaves . Agric Biol Chem , 45 : 735 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , Y H , Takagi , Y , Nakamura , T , Hasegawa , T Suzuki , I . 2005 . Enhancement of radioprotection and anti-tumor immunity by yeast-derived β-glucan in mice . J Med Food , 8 : 154 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki , I , Hayashi , I , Takaki , T , Groveman , D S and Fujimiya , Y . 2002 . Antitumor and anticytopenic effects of aqueous extracts of propolis in combination with chemotherapeutic agents . Cancer Biother Radiopharm , 17 : 553 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizutani , A , Yamamoto , H and Suzuki , I . 1978 . Antitumor activity of Bovine Parotid Hypocalcemic substance obtained by Glacial Acetic Acid extraction . Gann , 69 : 291 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzianabos , A O . 2000 . Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: Structural aspects and biological function . Clin Biol Rev , 13 : 523 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• Clearly , J A , Kelly , G E and Husband , A . 1999 . The effect of molecular weight and β-1,6-linkages on priming of macrophage function in mice by (1,3)-β-D-glucan . Immunol Cell Biol , 77 : 395 – 403 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimiya , Y , Yamamoto , H , Noji , M and Suzuki , I . 2000 . Peroal effect on tumor progression of soluble β-(1, 6)-glucans prepared by acid treatment from Agaricus blazei Murr. (Agaricaceae, Higher Basidiomycetes) . Int J Med Mushrooms , 2 : 43 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , E R , Williams , D L and Di Luzio , N R . 1986 . Glucan stimulates production of antitumor cytolytic/cytostatic factor(s) by macrophages . J Biol Response Modifiers , 5 : 504 – 526 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browder , W , Williams , D , Pretus , H and Franchello , A . 1990 . Beneficial effect of enhanced macrophage function in the trauma patient . Ann Surg , 211 : 605 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , L T and Seljelid , R . 1991 . Novel immunomodulators with pronounced in vivo effects caused by stimulation of cytokine release . J Cell Biochem , 146 : 60 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Philip , R and Epstein , L B . 1986 . Tumor necrosis factor as immunomodulator and mediator of monocyte cytotoxicity induced by itself, gamma-interferon and interleukin-1 . Nature , 23 : 86 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Drapier , J C , Wietzerbin , J and Hibbs , J B Jr . 1988 . Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor induce the l-arginine-dependent cytotoxic effector mechanism in murine macrophages . Eur J Immunol , 18 : 1587 – 1592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , A , Gregori , W , Velez , D , Restrepo , A and Cano , L E . 2000 . Nitric oxide participation in the fungicidal mechanism of γ interferon-activated murine macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Conidia . Infect Immun , 68 : 2546 – 2552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M J , Kelly , J M , Baxter , A G , Körner , H and Sedgwick , J D . 1998 . An essential role for tumor necrosis factor in natural killer cell-mediated tumor rejection in the peritoneum . J Exp Med , 188 : 1611 – 1619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnberg , N and El-Deiry , W S . 2006 . Selective TRAIL-induced apoptosis in dysplastic neoplasia of the colon may lead to new neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies . Clin Cancer Res , 12 : 4132 – 4136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsiapali , E , Whaley , S , Kalbfleisch , J , Ensley , H E and Browder , I W . 2001 . Glucans exhibit weak antioxidant activity, but stimulate macrophage free radical activity . Free Radic Biol Med , 30 : 393 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton , S A , Samadi , A A , Tortorelis , D G , Choudhury , M S Mallouh , C . 2000 . Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with β-glucan (maitake mushroom polysaccharide) . Mol Urol , 4 : 7 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lesperance , M L , Olivotto , I A , Forde , N , Zhao , Y Speers , C . 2002 . Mega-dose vitamins and minerals in the treatment of non-metastatic breast cancer: an historical cohort study . Breast Cancer Res Treat , 76 : 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenn , G S , Goodman , G E , Thornquist , M D , Balmes , J Cullen , M R . 1996 . Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease . N Engl J Med , 334 : 1150 – 1155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1994 . α-Tocopherol BCCPSG. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers . N Engl J Med , 330 : 1029 – 1035 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H , Kantoff , P W , Giovannucci , E , Leitzmann , M F Gaziano , J M . 2005 . Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, prediagnostic antioxidant status, and risk of clinical significant prostate cancer . Cancer Res , 65 : 2498 – 2504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L C , Dalkin , B , Krongrad , A , Combs , G F Jr. Turnbull , B W . 1998 . Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial . Br J Urol , 81 : 730 – 734 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drisko , J A , Chapman , J and Hunter , V J . 2003 . The use of antioxidants with first-line chemotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer . J Am Coll Nutr , 22 : 118 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck , A J , Leppert , J T , Zomorodian , N , Aronson , W Hong , J . 2006 . Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 12 : 4018 – 4026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E R III , Pastor-Barriuso , R , Dalal , D , Riemersma , R A Appel , L J . 2005 . Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality . Ann Intern Med , 142 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar