REFERENCES
- Report available at www.cancer.org
- Campos , F G , Logullo Waitzberg , A G , Kiss , D R , Waitzberg , D L Habr-Gama , A . 2005 . Diet and colorectal cancer: current evidence for etiology and prevention . Nutr Hosp , 20 : 18 – 25 .
- McEachrane-Gross , F P , Liebschutz , J M and Berlowitz , D . 2006 . Use of selected complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments in veterans with cancer or chronic pain: a cross-sectional survey . BMC Complement Altern Med , 6 : 34
- Report available at http://nccam.nih.gov/
- Terra , X , Valls , J , Vitrac , X , Mérrillon , J M Arola , L . 2007 . Grape-seed procyanidins act as antiinflammatory agents in endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting NFkB signaling pathway . J Agric Food Chem , 55 : 4357 – 4365 .
- Smullen , J , Koutsou , G A , Foster , H A , Zumbé , A and Storey , D M . 2007 . The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans . Caries Res , 41 : 342 – 349 .
- Vitseva , O , Varghese , S , Chakrabarti , S , Folts , J D and Freedman , J E . 2005 . Grape seed and skin extracts inhibit platelet function and release of reactive oxygen intermediates . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , 46 : 445 – 451 .
- Uchida , S , Hirai , K , Hatanaka , J , Hanato , J Umegaki , K . 2008 . Antinociceptive effects of St. John's wort, Harpagophytum procumbens extract and Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract in mice . Biol Pharm Bull , 31 : 240 – 245 .
- Nair , M P , Kandaswami , C , Mahajan , S , Nair , H N Chawda , R . 2002 . Grape seed extract proanthocyanidins downregulate HIV-1 entry coreceptors, CCR2b, CCR3 and CCR5 gene expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Biol Res , 35 : 421 – 431 .
- Yamakoshi , J , Kataoka , S , Koga , T and Ariga , T . 1999 . Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits . Atherosclerosis , 142 : 139 – 149 .
- Vinson , J A , Mandarano , M A , Shuta , D L , Bagchi , M and Bagchi , D . 2002 . Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and a niacin-bound chromium in a hamster atherosclerosis model . Mol Cell Biochem , 240 : 99 – 103 .
- Bagchi , D , Sen , C K , Ray , S D , Das , D K Bagchi , M . 2003 . Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidins extract . Mutat Res , 523–524 : 87 – 97 .
- Pinent , M , Blay , M , Bladé , M C , Salvadó , M J Arola , L . 2004 . Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines . Endocrinology , 145 : 4985 – 4990 .
- Bagchi , D , Garg , A , Krohn , R L , Bagchi , M Tran , M X . 1997 . Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro . Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol , 95 : 179 – 189 .
- Bomser , J A , Singletary , K W , Wallig , M A and Smith , M A . 1999 . Inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion in CD-1 mouse epidermis by a polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds . Cancer Lett , 135 : 151 – 157 .
- Engelbrecht , A M , Mattheyse , M , Ellis , B , Loos , B Thomas , M . 2007 . Proanthocyanidin from grape seeds inactivates the PI3-kinase/PKB pathway and induces apoptosis in a colon cancer cell line . Cancer Lett , 258 : 144 – 153 .
- Raina , K , Singh , R P , Agarwal , R and Agarwal , C . 2007 . Oral grape seed extract inhibits prostate tumor growth and progression in TRAMP mice . Cancer Res , 67 : 5976 – 5982 .
- Agarwal , C , Veluri , R , Kaur , M , Chou , S C Thompson , J A . 2007 . Fractionation of high molecular weight tannins in grape seed extract and identification of procyanidin B2-3,3′-di-O-gallate as a major active constituent causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells . Carcinogenesis , 28 : 1478 – 1484 .
- Kaur , M , Singh , R P , Gu , M , Agarwal , R and Agarwal , C . 2006 . Grape seed extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells . Clin Cancer Res , 12 : 6194 – 6202 .
- Kijima , I , Phung , S , Hur , G , Kwok , S L and Chen , S . 2006 . Grape seed extract is an aromatase inhibitor and a suppressor of aromatase expression . Cancer Res , 66 : 5960 – 5967 .
- Kaur , M , Agarwal , R and Agarwal , C . 2006 . Grape seed extract induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells: possible role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated-p53 activation . Mol Cancer Ther , 5 : 1265 – 1274 .
- Hu , H and Qin , Y M . 2006 . Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induced mitochondria-associated apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukaemia 14.3D10 cells . Chin Med J (Engl) , 119 : 417 – 421 .
- Veluri , R , Singh , R P , Liu , Z , Thompson , J A Agarwal , R . 2006 . Fractionation of grape seed extract and identification of gallic acid as one of the major active constituents causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells . Carcinogenesis , 27 : 1445 – 1453 .
- Singh , R P , Tyagi , A K , Dhanalakshmi , S , Agarwal , R and Agarwal , C . 2004 . Grape seed extract inhibits advanced human prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 . Int J Cancer , 108 : 733 – 740 .
- Kim , H , Hall , P , Smith , M , Kirk , M Prasain , J K . 2004 . Chemoprevention by grape seed extract and genistein in carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats is diet dependent . J Nutr , 134 : 3445S – 3452S .
- Ye , X , Krohn , R L , Liu , W , Joshi , S S Kuszynski , C A . 1999 . The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells . Mol Cell Biochem , 196 : 99 – 108 .
- Agarwal , C , Singh , R P and Agarwal , R . 2002 . Grape seed extract induces apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells via caspases activation accompanied by dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release . Carcinogenesis , 23 : 1869 – 1876 .
- Sharma , G , Tyagi , A K , Singh , R P , Chan , D C and Agarwal , R . 2004 . Synergistic anti-cancer effects of grape seed extract and conventional cytotoxic agent doxorubicin against human breast carcinoma cells . Breast Cancer Res Treat , 85 : 1 – 12 .
- Singletary , K W and Meline , B . 2001 . Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on colon aberrant crypts and breast tumors in a rat dual-organ tumor model . Nutr Cancer , 39 : 252 – 258 .
- Zhao , J , Wang , J , Chen , Y and Agarwal , R . 1999 . Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3′-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 1737 – 1745 .
- Von Kleist , S , Chany , E , Burtin , P , King , M and Fogh , J . 1975 . Immunohistology of the antigenic pattern of a continuous cell line from a human colon tumor . J Natl Cancer Inst , 55 : 555 – 560 .
- Pai , R , Nakamura , T , Moon , W S and Tarnawski , A S . 2003 . Prostaglandins promote colon cancer cell invasion; signaling by cross-talk between two distinct growth factor receptors . FASEB J , 17 : 1640 – 1647 .
- Bloom , J and Cross , F R . 2007 . Multiple levels of cyclin specificity in cell-cycle control . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , 8 : 149 – 160 .
- Besson , A , Dowdy , S F and Roberts , J M . 2008 . CDK inhibitors: cell cycle regulators and beyond . Dev Cell , 14 : 159 – 169 .
- Sherr , C J and Roberts , J M . 1999 . CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression . Genes Dev , 13 : 1501 – 1512 .
- Golias , C H , Charalabopoulos , A and Charalabopoulos , K . 2004 . Cell proliferation and cell cycle control: a mini review . Int J Clin Pract , 58 : 1134 – 1141 .
- Uchida , T , Kinoshita , T , Saito , H and Hotta , T . 1997 . CDKN2 (MTS1/p16INK4A) gene alterations in hematological malignancies . Leuk Lymphoma , 24 : 449 – 461 .
- Shiohara , M , Koike , K , Komiyama , A and Koeffler , H P . 1997 . p21WAF1 mutations and human malignancies . Leuk Lymphoma , 26 : 35 – 41 .
- Hemmati , P G , Normand , G , Verdoodt , B , von Haefen , C Hasenjäger , A . 2005 . Loss of p21 disrupts p14 ARF-induced G1 cell cycle arrest but augments p14 ARF-induced apoptosis in human carcinoma cells . Oncogene , 24 : 4114 – 4128 .
- Li , W , Sanki , A , Karim , R Z , Thompson , J F Soon Lee , C . 2006 . The role of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of melanoma . Pathology , 38 : 287 – 301 .
- Owa , T , Yoshino , H , Yoshimatsu , K and Nagasu , T . 2001 . Cell cycle regulation in the G1 phase: a promising target for the development of new chemotherapeutic anticancer agents . Curr Med Chem , 8 : 1487 – 1503 .
- Vermeulen , K , Van Bockstaele , D R and Berneman , Z N . 2003 . The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer . Cell Prolif , 36 : 131 – 149 .
- Igney , F H and Krammer , P H . 2002 . Death and anti-death: tumor resistance to apoptosis . Nat Rev Cancer , 2 : 277 – 288 .
- Lowe , S W , Ruley , H E , Jacks , T and Housman , D E . 1993 . p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents . Cell , 74 : 957 – 967 .
- Melet , A , Song , K , Bucur , O , Jagani , Z Grassian , A R . 2008 . Apoptotic pathways in tumor progression and therapy . Adv Exp Med Biol , 615 : 47 – 79 .
- Takayama , T , Miyanishi , K , Hayashi , T , Sato , Y and Niitsu , Y . 2006 . Colorectal cancer: genetics of development and metastasis . J Gastroenterol , 41 : 185 – 192 .