Chemopreventive Potential of Natural Compounds in Head and Neck Cancer

REFERENCES

• Jemal , A , Siegel , R , Ward , E , Hao , Y Xu , J . 2009 . Cancer statistics, 2009 . CA Cancer J Clin , 59 : 225 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad , R I and Shin , D M . 2008 . Recent advances in head and neck cancer . N Engl J Med , 359 : 1143 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao , A S , Kim , E S and Hong , W K . 2004 . Chemoprevention of cancer . CA Cancer J Clin , 54 : 150 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri , F R , Kim , E S , Lee , J J , Winn , R J Benner , S E . 2001 . The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 : 823 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbruzzese , J L and Lippman , S M . 2004 . The convergence of cancer prevention and therapy in early-phase clinical drug development . Cancer Cell , 6 : 321 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri , F R and Shin , D M . 2008 . Head and neck cancer chemoprevention gets a shot in the arm . J Clin Oncol , 26 : 345 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin , A R , Kucuk , O , Khuri , F R and Shin , D M . 2009 . Perspectives for cancer prevention with natural compounds . J Clin Oncol , 27 : 2712 – 2725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , L , Odhav , B and Bhoola , K D . 2003 . Natural products for cancer prevention: a global perspective . Pharmacol Ther , 99 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , G , Patterson , B and Subar , A . 1992 . Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence . Nutr Cancer , 18 : 1 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetou , V , Orfanos , P , Lagiou , P , Trichopoulos , D Boffetta , P . 2008 . Vegetables and fruits in relation to cancer risk: evidence from the Greek EPIC cohort study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 17 : 387 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glade , M J . 1999 . Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. . Nutrition , 15 : 523 – 526 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prevention of cancer in the next millennium . 1999 . Report of the Chemoprevention Working Group to the American Association for Cancer Research . Cancer Res , 59 : 4743 – 4758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , P . 2002 . Cancer chemoprevention . BMJ , 324 : 714 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vokes , E E , Weichselbaum , R R , Lippman , S M and Hong , W K . 1993 . Head and neck cancer . N Engl J Med , 328 : 184 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , X , Fisher , S G , Mohideen , N and Emami , B . 2003 . Second primary cancers in patients with laryngeal cancer: a population-based study . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys , 56 : 427 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , K D , Parkinson , E K and Harrison , P R . 2005 . Profiling early head and neck cancer . Nat Rev Cancer , 5 : 127 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shaughnessy , J A , Kelloff , G J , Gordon , G B , Dannenberg , A J Hong , W K . 2002 . Treatment and prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia: an important target for accelerated new agent development . Clin Cancer Res , 8 : 314 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curfman , G D , Morrissey , S and Drazen , J M . 2001 . Retraction: Sudbo J et al. DNA content as a prognostic marker in patients with oral leukoplakia . N Engl J Med , 344 : 1270 – 1278 . and Sudbo J et al. The influence of resection and aneuploidy on mortality in oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med 350, 1405–1413, 2004. N Engl J Med 355, 1927, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolbach , S B and Howe , P R . 1925 . Tissue changes following deprivation of fat-soluble a vitamin . J Exp Med , 42 : 753 – 777 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sporn , M B , Dunlop , N M , Newton , D L and Smith , J M . 1976 . Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids) . Fed Proc , 35 : 1332 – 1338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippman , S M , Lee , J J and Sabichi , A L . 1998 . Cancer chemoprevention: progress and promise . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 : 1514 – 1528 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong , W K , Spitz , M R and Lippman , S M . 2000 . Cancer chemoprevention in the 21st century: genetics, risk modeling, and molecular targets . J Clin Oncol , 18 : 9S – 18S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , W K , Endicott , J , Itri , L M , Doos , W Batsakis , J G . 1986 . 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia . N Engl J Med , 315 : 1501 – 1505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , W K , Lippman , S M , Itri , L M , Karp , D D Lee , J S . 1990 . Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck . N Engl J Med , 323 : 795 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stich , H F , Rosin , M P , Hornby , A P , Mathew , B Sankaranarayanan , R . 1988 . Remission of oral leukoplakias and micronuclei in tobacco/betel quid chewers treated with beta-carotene and with beta-carotene plus vitamin A . Int J Cancer , 42 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippman , S M , Batsakis , J G , Toth , B B , Weber , R S Lee , J J . 1993 . Comparison of low-dose isotretinoin with beta carotene to prevent oral carcinogenesis . N Engl J Med , 328 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitrakopoulou , V A , Hong , W K , Lee , J S , Martin , J W Lee , J J . 1997 . Low-dose isotretinoin versus beta-carotene to prevent oral carcinogenesis: long-term follow-up . J Natl Cancer Inst , 89 : 257 – 258 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benner , S E , Pajak , T F , Lippman , S M , Earley , C and Hong , W K . 1994 . Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up . J Natl Cancer Inst , 86 : 140 – 141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin , D M , Khuri , F R , Murphy , B , Garden , A S Clayman , G . 2001 . Combined interferon-alfa, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and alpha-tocopherol in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: novel bioadjuvant phase II trial . J Clin Oncol , 19 : 3010 – 3017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seixas-Silva , J A Jr , Richards , T , Khuri , F R , Wieand , H S Kim , E . 2005 . Phase 2 bioadjuvant study of interferon alfa-2a, isotretinoin, and vitamin E in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 131 : 304 – 307 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khuri , F R , Lee , J J , Lippman , S M , Kim , E S Cooper , J S . 2006 . Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients . J Natl Cancer Inst , 98 : 441 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitrakopoulou , V A , Lee , J J , William , W N Jr , Martin , J W Thomas , M . 2009 . Randomized trial of 13-cis retinoic acid compared with retinyl palmitate with or without beta-carotene in oral premalignancy . J Clin Oncol , 27 : 599 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stich , H F , Hornby , A P , Mathew , B , Sankaranarayanan , R and Nair , M K . 1988 . Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A . Cancer Lett , 40 : 93 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLaney , T F , Afridi , N , Taghian , A G , Sanders , D A Fuleihan , N S . 1996 . 13-cis-retinoic acid with alpha-2a-interferon enhances radiation cytotoxicity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro . Cancer Res , 56 : 2277 – 2280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingen , M W , Polverini , P J and Bouck , N P . 1998 . Retinoic acid and interferon alpha act synergistically as antiangiogenic and antitumor agents against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer Res , 58 : 5551 – 5558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner , D J and Borden , E C . 1997 . Synergistic antitumor effects of a combination of interferon and tamoxifen on estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative human tumor cell lines in vivo and in vitro . J Interferon Cytokine Res , 17 : 681 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitrakopoulou , V A , Clayman , G L , Shin , D M , Myers , J N Gillenwater , A M . 1999 . Biochemoprevention for dysplastic lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 125 : 1083 – 1089 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rotmensz , N , De Palo , G , Formelli , F , Costa , A Marubini , E . 1991 . Long-term tolerability of fenretinide (4-HPR) in breast cancer patients . Eur J Cancer , 27 : 1127 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , J , Jiao , L , Lu , Y , Sun , Z Gu , Q M . 1990 . Evaluation of N-4-(hydroxycarbophenyl) retinamide as a cancer prevention agent and as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent . In Vivo , 4 : 153 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiesa , F , Tradati , N , Marazza , M , Rossi , N Boracchi , P . 1993 . Fenretinide (4-HPR) in chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia . J Cell Biochem Suppl , 17F : 255 – 261 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotan , R . 1995 . Retinoids and apoptosis: implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapy . J Natl Cancer Inst , 87 : 1655 – 1657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oridate , N , Lotan , D , Xu , X C , Hong , W K and Lotan , R . 1996 . Differential induction of apoptosis by all-trans-retinoic acid and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines . Clin Cancer Res , 2 : 855 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitrakopoulou , V A , William , W N Jr , Dannenberg , A J , Lippman , S M Lee , J J . 2008 . Pilot randomized phase II study of celecoxib in oral premalignant lesions . Clin Cancer Res , 14 : 2095 – 2101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao , A S , Liu , D , Martin , J , Tang , X M Lee , J J . 2009 . Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions . Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) , 2 : 931 – 941 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , B , Powles , T J and Pritchard , K J . 2000 . Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer . Eur J Cancer , 36 : 142 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach , G , Lynch , P M , Phillips , R K , Wallace , M H Hawk , E . 2000 . The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis . N Engl J Med , 342 : 1946 – 1952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin Grandis , J , Melhem , M F , Gooding , W E , Day , R Holst , V A . 1998 . Levels of TGF-alpha and EGFR protein in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and patient survival . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 : 824 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang , K K , Berkey , B A , Tu , X , Zhang , H Z Katz , R . 2002 . Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor expression on survival and pattern of relapse in patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma . Cancer Res , 62 : 7350 – 7356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temam , S , Kawaguchi , H , El-Naggar , A K , Jelinek , J Tang , H . 2007 . Epidermal growth factor receptor copy number alterations correlate with poor clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cancer . J Clin Oncol , 25 : 2164 – 2170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citri , A and Yarden , Y . 2006 . EGF-ERBB signalling: towards the systems level . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , 7 : 505 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matta , A and Ralhan , R . 2009 . Overview of current and future biologically based targeted therapies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Head Neck Oncol , 1 : 6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalyankrishna , S and Grandis , J R . 2006 . Epidermal growth factor receptor biology in head and neck cancer . J Clin Oncol , 24 : 2666 – 2672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier , J , Bentzen , S M and Vermorken , J B . 2009 . Molecular therapy in head and neck oncology . Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 6 : 266 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , D M , Ro , J Y , Hong , W K and Hittelman , W N . 1994 . Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in premalignant lesions during head and neck tumorigenesis . Cancer Res , 54 : 3153 – 3159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozawa , H , Tadakuma , T , Ono , T , Sato , M Hiroi , S . 2006 . Small interfering RNA targeting epidermal growth factor receptor enhances chemosensitivity to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and docetaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer Sci , 97 : 1115 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin , A R , Khuri , F R , Chen , Z G and Shin , D M . 2009 . Synergistic growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by erlotinib and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: the role of p53-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB . Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) , 2 : 538 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , Q , Ming , L , Thomas , S M , Wang , Y Chen , Z G . 2009 . PUMA mediates EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in head and neck cancer cells . Oncogene , 28 : 2348 – 2357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernas , F G , Allen , C T , Winters , M E , Yan , B Friedman , J . 2009 . Proteomic signatures of epidermal growth factor receptor and survival signal pathways correspond to gefitinib sensitivity in head and neck cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 15 : 2361 – 2372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X , Zhang , H , Tighiouart , M , Lee , J E Shin , H J . 2008 . Synergistic inhibition of head and neck tumor growth by green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor . Int J Cancer , 123 : 1005 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe , M S , Zhang , X , Shin , H J , Shin , D M and Chen , Z G . 2005 . Interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor- and cyclooxygenase 2-mediated pathways and its implications for the chemoprevention of head and neck cancer . Mol Cancer Ther , 4 : 1448 – 1455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X , Chen , Z G , Choe , M S , Lin , Y Sun , S Y . 2005 . Tumor growth inhibition by simultaneously blocking epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in a xenograft model . Clin Cancer Res , 11 : 6261 – 6269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandis , J R and Tweardy , D J . 1993 . Elevated levels of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA are early markers of carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer . Cancer Res , 53 : 3579 – 3584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , E E , Davis , D W , Karrison , T G , Seiwert , T Y Wong , S J . 2009 . Erlotinib and bevacizumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase I/II study . Lancet Oncol , 10 : 247 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonner , J A , Harari , P M , Giralt , J , Cohen , R B Jones , C U . 2010 . Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival . Lancet Oncol , 11 : 21 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannenberg , A J , Altorki , N K , Boyle , J O , Dang , C Howe , L R . 2001 . Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer . Lancet Oncol , 2 : 544 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , D T , Subbaramaiah , K , Shah , J P , Dannenberg , A J and Boyle , J O . 2002 . Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel molecular target for the prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer . Head Neck , 24 : 792 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , R F , Seibert , K , Cole , C E , Kelloff , G and Lubet , R A . 2000 . The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib is a potent preventive and therapeutic agent in the min mouse model of adenomatous polyposis . Cancer Res , 60 : 5040 – 5044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , S M , Lo , H H , Gordon , G B , Seibert , K Kelloff , G . 1999 . Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis . Mol Carcinog , 25 : 231 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamori , T , Rao , C V , Seibert , K and Reddy , B S . 1998 . Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis . Cancer Res , 58 : 409 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttar , N S , Wang , K K , Leontovich , O , Westcott , J Y Pacifico , R J . 2002 . Chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma by COX-2 inhibitors in an animal model of Barrett's esophagus . Gastroenterology , 122 : 1101 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura , G , Yanoma , S , Mizuno , H , Kawakami , K and Tsukuda , M . 1999 . A selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor suppresses tumor growth in nude mouse xenografted with human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells . Jpn J Cancer Res , 90 : 1152 – 1162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu , X H , Yao , S , Kirschenbaum , A and Levine , A C . 1998 . NS398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis, and down-regulates bcl-2 expression in LNCaP cells . Cancer Res , 58 : 4245 – 4249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara , A , Yoshimi , N , Niwa , M , Ino , N and Mori , H . 1997 . Apoptosis induced by NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in human colorectal cancer cell lines . Jpn J Cancer Res , 88 : 600 – 604 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch , F R and Lippman , S M . 2005 . Advances in the biology of lung cancer chemoprevention . J Clin Oncol , 23 : 3186 – 3197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolina , M , Sharma , S , Lin , Y , Dohadwala , M Gardner , B . 2000 . Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 restores antitumor reactivity by altering the balance of IL-10 and IL-12 synthesis . J Immunol , 164 : 361 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishodia , S and Aggarwal , B B . 2004 . Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor celecoxib abrogates activation of cigarette smoke-induced nuclear factor (NF) -kappaB by suppressing activation of IkappaBalpha kinase in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: correlation with suppression of cyclin D1, COX-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 . Cancer Res , 64 : 5004 – 5012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre , J R , Subbaramaiah , K , Sacks , P G , Schantz , S P Tanabe , T . 1997 . Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells . Cancer Res , 57 : 2890 – 2895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre , J R , Subbaramaiah , K , Sacks , P G , Schantz , S P Tanabe , T . 1997 . Retinoids suppress phorbol ester-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 . Cancer Res , 57 : 1081 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi , K , Petersen , S , Petersen , C , Hunter , N Mason , K . 2000 . Preferential enhancement of tumor radioresponse by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor . Cancer Res , 60 : 1326 – 1331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode , A M and Dong , Z . 2004 . Post-translational modification of p53 in tumorigenesis . Nat Rev Cancer , 4 : 793 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , D M , Charuruks , N , Lippman , S M , Lee , J J Ro , J Y . 2001 . p53 protein accumulation and genomic instability in head and neck multistep tumorigenesis . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 : 603 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , Y , Tainsky , M A , Bischoff , F Z , Strong , L C and Wahl , G M . 1992 . Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles . Cell , 70 : 937 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyfjord , J E , Thorlacius , S , Steinarsdottir , M , Valgardsdottir , R Ogmundsdottir , H M . 1995 . p53 abnormalities and genomic instability in primary human breast carcinomas . Cancer Res , 55 : 646 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood , A K , Skilling , J S and Buller , R E . 1997 . Ovarian cancer genomic instability correlates with p53 frameshift mutations . Cancer Res , 57 : 1047 – 1049 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida , T , Wada , C , Wang , C , Egawa , S Ohtani , H . 1994 . Genomic instability of microsatellite repeats and mutations of H-, K-, and N-ras, and p53 genes in renal cell carcinoma . Cancer Res , 54 : 3682 – 3685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , D M , Xu , X C , Lippman , S M , Lee , J J Lee , J S . 1997 . Accumulation of p53 protein and retinoic acid receptor beta in retinoid chemoprevention . Clin Cancer Res , 3 : 875 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippman , S M , Shin , D M , Lee , J J , Batsakis , J G Lotan , R . 1995 . p53 and retinoid chemoprevention of oral carcinogenesis . Cancer Res , 55 : 16 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore , T D . 2006 . Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives . Oncogene , 25 : 6680 – 6684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasier , A R . 2006 . The NF-kappaB regulatory network . Cardiovasc Toxicol , 6 : 111 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , N D . 2007 . Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , 8 : 49 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tergaonkar , V . 2006 . NFkappaB pathway: a good signaling paradigm and therapeutic target . Int J Biochem Cell Biol , 38 : 1647 – 1653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin , M , Yamamoto , Y and Wang , Q M . 2004 . The IKK NF-kappa B system: a treasure trove for drug development . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 3 : 17 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H J , Hawke , N and Baldwin , A S . 2006 . NF-kappaB and IKK as therapeutic targets in cancer . Cell Death Differ , 13 : 738 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , C T , Ricker , J L , Chen , Z and Van Waes , C . 2007 . Role of activated nuclear factor-kappaB in the pathogenesis and therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Head Neck , 29 : 959 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudek , A Z , Lesniewski-Kmak , K , Shehadeh , N J , Pandey , O N Franklin , M . 2009 . Phase I study of bortezomib and cetuximab in patients with solid tumours expressing epidermal growth factor receptor . Br J Cancer , 100 : 1379 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin , M . 1995 . The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases . J Biol Chem , 270 : 16483 – 16486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaulian , E and Karin , M . 2001 . AP-1 in cell proliferation and survival . Oncogene , 20 : 2390 – 2400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Z , Ricker , J L , Malhotra , P S , Nottingham , L Bagain , L . 2008 . Differential bortezomib sensitivity in head and neck cancer lines corresponds to proteasome, nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 related mechanisms . Mol Cancer Ther , 7 : 1949 – 1960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng , Q , McCauley , L K and Wang , C Y . 2002 . Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits anoikis by induction of activator protein 1-dependent cyclooxygenase-2. Implication in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression . J Biol Chem , 277 : 50137 – 50142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , F , Xiao , D , Kolluri , S K and Zhang , X . 2000 . Unique anti-activator protein-1 activity of retinoic acid receptor beta . Cancer Res , 60 : 3271 – 3280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , C , Ma , W Y , Dawson , M I , Rincon , M Flavell , R A . 1997 . Blocking activator protein-1 activity, but not activating retinoic acid response element, is required for the antitumor promotion effect of retinoic acid . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 94 : 5826 – 5830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaman , D W , Leung , S , Li , X and Stark , G R . 1996 . Regulation of STAT-dependent pathways by growth factors and cytokines . FASEB J , 10 : 1578 – 1588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , K D , Gaffen , S L and Goldsmith , M A . 1998 . JAK/STAT signaling by cytokine receptors . Curr Opin Immunol , 10 : 271 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , W J and O’Shea , J J . 1998 . Jaks and STATs: biological implications . Annu Rev Immunol , 16 : 293 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , T , Garcia , R , Turkson , J and Jove , R . 2000 . STATs in oncogenesis . Oncogene , 19 : 2474 – 2488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , J I and Grandis , J R . 2000 . STAT signaling in head and neck cancer . Oncogene , 19 : 2489 – 2495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda , M , Suzui , M , Yasumatu , R , Nakashima , T Kuratomi , Y . 2002 . Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 correlates with cyclin D1 overexpression and may provide a novel prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer Res , 62 : 3351 – 3355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , S , Zhang , Q , Dyer , K F , Lerner , E C Smithgall , T E . 2003 . Src kinases mediate STAT growth pathways in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . J Biol Chem , 278 : 31574 – 31583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandis , J R , Drenning , S D , Chakraborty , A , Zhou , M Y Zeng , Q . 1998 . Requirement of Stat3 but not Stat1 activation for epidermal growth factor receptor- mediated cell growth In vitro . J Clin Invest , 102 : 1385 – 1392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benekli , M , Baer , M R , Baumann , H and Wetzler , M . 2003 . Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins in leukemias . Blood , 101 : 2940 – 2954 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoPiccolo , J , Blumenthal , G M , Bernstein , W B and Dennis , P A . 2008 . Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: effective combinations and clinical considerations . Drug Resist Updat , 11 : 32 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moral , M and Paramio , J M . 2008 . Akt pathway as a target for therapeutic intervention in HNSCC . Histol Histopathol , 23 : 1269 – 1278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amornphimoltham , P , Sriuranpong , V , Patel , V , Benavides , F Conti , C J . 2004 . Persistent activation of the Akt pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a potential target for UCN-01 . Clin Cancer Res , 10 : 4029 – 4037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussink , J , Van Der Kogel , A J and Kaanders , J H . 2008 . Activation of the PI3-K/AKT pathway and implications for radioresistance mechanisms in head and neck cancer . Lancet Oncol , 9 : 288 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , F Y , Zhao , Z J , Li , P , Ding , X Zong , Z H . 2010 . Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in the survival of cells mediated by chemokine receptor 7 through PI3K/Akt in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg , 48 : 291 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang , Z J , Li , Z B and Li , J R . 2006 . VEGF is up-regulated by hypoxic stimulation and related to tumour angiogenesis and severity of disease in oral squamous cell carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo studies . Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg , 35 : 533 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , X , Yang , D , Hu , J , Hao , X Gao , J . 2008 . Hypoxia inducible factor-alpha expression correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression and lymphangiogenesis/angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma . Anticancer Res , 28 : 1659 – 1666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeram , M , Patnaik , A and Rowinsky , E K . 2005 . Raf: a strategic target for therapeutic development against cancer . J Clin Oncol , 23 : 6771 – 6790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara , N and Kerbel , R S . 2005 . Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target . Nature , 438 : 967 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elser , C , Siu , L L , Winquist , E , Agulnik , M Pond , G R . 2007 . Phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or nasopharyngeal carcinoma . J Clin Oncol , 25 : 3766 – 3773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushnie , T P and Lamb , A J . 2005 . Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids . Int J Antimicrob Agents , 26 : 343 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti , S and Scully , C . 2009 . Polyphenols, oral health and disease: a review . J Dent , 37 : 413 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B , Zhao , K and Whiteman , M . 2000 . The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action? . Free Radic Res , 33 : 819 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walle , T , Browning , A M , Steed , L L , Reed , S G and Walle , U K . 2005 . Flavonoid glucosides are hydrolyzed and thus activated in the oral cavity in humans . J Nutr , 135 : 48 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode , A M and Dong , Z . 2009 . Epigallocatechin 3-gallate and green tea catechins: United they work, divided they fail . Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) , 2 : 514 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Y and Cao , R . 1999 . Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea . Nature , 398 : 381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltz , L A , Bayer , D K , Moss , A L and Simet , I M . 2006 . Mechanisms of cancer prevention by green and black tea polyphenols . Anticancer Agents Med Chem , 6 : 389 – 406 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan , N , Afaq , F and Mukhtar , H . 2008 . Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise . Antioxid Redox Signal , 10 : 475 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C S , Maliakal , P and Meng , X . 2002 . Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , 42 : 25 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganuma , M , Sueoka , E , Sueoka , N , Okabe , S and Fujiki , H . 2000 . Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea polyphenols based on inhibition of TNF-alpha expression . Biofactors , 13 : 67 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , D M . 2009 . Oral cancer prevention advances with a translational trial of green tea . Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) , 2 : 919 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad , N , Cheng , P and Mukhtar , H . 2000 . Cell cycle dysregulation by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 275 : 328 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khafif , A , Schantz , S P , al-Rawi , M , Edelstein , D and Sacks , P G . 1998 . Green tea regulates cell cycle progression in oral leukoplakia . Head Neck , 20 : 528 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastak , K , Agarwal , M K , Mukhtar , H and Agarwal , M L . 2005 . Ablation of either p21 or Bax prevents p53-dependent apoptosis induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate . FASEB J , 19 : 789 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nihal , M , Ahsan , H , Siddiqui , I A , Mukhtar , H Ahmad , N . 2009 . (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) sensitizes melanoma cells to interferon induced growth inhibition in a mouse model of human melanoma . Cell Cycle , 8 : 2057 – 2063 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy , S , Gingras , D and Beliveau , R . 2002 . Green tea catechins inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor phosphorylation . Cancer Res , 62 : 381 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda , M , Suzui , M , Lim , J T , Deguchi , A Soh , J W . 2002 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases VEGF production in head and neck and breast carcinoma cells by inhibiting EGFR-related pathways of signal transduction . J Exp Ther Oncol , 2 : 350 – 359 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim , H S , Kim , M H , Jeong , M , Hwang , Y S Lim , S H . 2004 . EGCG blocks tumor promoter-induced MMP-9 expression via suppression of MAPK and AP-1 activation in human gastric AGS cells . Anticancer Res , 24 : 747 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiki , H , Yoshizawa , S , Horiuchi , T , Suganuma , M Yatsunami , J . 1992 . Anticarcinogenic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate . Prev Med , 21 : 503 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiki , H , Suganuma , M , Okabe , S , Sueoka , E Suga , K . 1999 . Mechanistic findings of green tea as cancer preventive for humans . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , 220 : 225 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisters , K M , Newman , R A , Coldman , B , Shin , D M Khuri , F R . 2001 . Phase I trial of oral green tea extract in adult patients with solid tumors . J Clin Oncol , 19 : 1830 – 1838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeram , N P , Adams , L S , Henning , S M , Niu , Y Zhang , Y . 2005 . In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice . J Nutr Biochem , 16 : 360 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui , I A , Adhami , V M , Bharali , D J , Hafeez , B B Asim , M . 2009 . Introducing nanochemoprevention as a novel approach for cancer control: proof of principle with green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate . Cancer Res , 69 : 1712 – 1716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttan , R , Bhanumathy , P , Nirmala , K and George , M C . 1985 . Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa) . Cancer Lett , 29 : 197 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttan , R , Sudheeran , P C and Josph , C D . 1987 . Turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy . Tumori , 73 : 29 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasinski , A L , Du , Y , Thomas , S L , Zhao , J Sun , S Y . 2008 . Inhibition of IkappaB kinase-nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway by 3,5-bis(2-flurobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one (EF24), a novel monoketone analog of curcumin . Mol Pharmacol , 74 : 654 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Sela , G , Epelbaum , R and Schaffer , M . 2010 . Curcumin as an anti-cancer agent: review of the gap between basic and clinical applications . Curr Med Chem , 17 : 190 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thangapazham , R L , Sharma , A and Maheshwari , R K . 2006 . Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin . AAPS J , 8 : E443 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conney , A H . 2003 . Enzyme induction and dietary chemicals as approaches to cancer chemoprevention: the Seventh DeWitt S. Goodman Lecture. . Cancer Res , 63 : 7005 – 7031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , N , Chen , X , Liao , J , Yang , G Wang , S . 2002 . Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters by tea and curcumin . Carcinogenesis , 23 : 1307 – 1313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , A , Jhurani , S and Aggarwal , B B . 2008 . Multi-targeted therapy by curcumin: how spicy is it? . Mol Nutr Food Res , 52 : 1010 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal , S , Takada , Y , Singh , S , Myers , J N and Aggarwal , B B . 2004 . Inhibition of growth and survival of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin via modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling . Int J Cancer , 111 : 679 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , A , Boland , C R and Chauhan , D P . 2001 . Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by dietary curcumin in HT-29 human colon cancer cells . Cancer Lett , 172 : 111 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , A and Tuszynski , G . 2001 . The role of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor angiogenesis and tumor metastasis . Pathol Oncol Res , 7 : 14 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo , M S , Jung , S H , Kim , S Y , Hyun , J W Ko , K H . 2005 . Curcumin suppresses phorbol ester-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by inhibiting the PKC to MAPK signaling pathways in human astroglioma cells . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 335 : 1017 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , A L , Hsu , C H , Lin , J K , Hsu , M M Ho , Y F . 2001 . Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions . Anticancer Res , 21 : 2895 – 2900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , R A , McLelland , H R , Hill , K A , Ireson , C R Euden , S A . 2001 . Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 7 : 1894 – 1900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , S P , Salamone , E and Goldin , B . 1997 . Curcumin and genistein, plant natural products, show synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells induced by estrogenic pesticides . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 233 : 692 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khafif , A , Schantz , S P , Chou , T C , Edelstein , D and Sacks , P G . 1998 . Quantitation of chemopreventive synergism between (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin in normal, premalignant and malignant human oral epithelial cells . Carcinogenesis , 19 : 419 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo , J Y , Kim , H J , Jung , K O and Park , K Y . 2004 . Curcumin inhibits the growth of AGS human gastric carcinoma cells in vitro and shows synergism with 5-fluorouracil . J Med Food , 7 : 117 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen , S , Sharma , H and Singh , N . 2005 . Curcumin enhances Vinorelbine mediated apoptosis in NSCLC cells by the mitochondrial pathway . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 331 : 1245 – 1252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Correa , M , Shoskes , D A , Sanchez , P , Zhao , R Hylind , L M . 2006 . Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis . Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , 4 : 1035 – 1038 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoba , G , Joy , D , Joseph , T , Majeed , M Rajendran , R . 1998 . Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers . Planta Med , 64 : 353 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , B K , Ferstl , E M , Davis , M C , Herold , M Kurtkaya , S . 2004 . Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel curcumin analogs as anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis agents . Bioorg Med Chem , 12 : 3871 – 3883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , B K , Cai , J , Armstrong , J , Herold , M Lu , Y J . 2005 . EF24, a novel synthetic curcumin analog, induces apoptosis in cancer cells via a redox-dependent mechanism . Anticancer Drugs , 16 : 263 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , M , Cai , L , Udeani , G O , Slowing , K V Thomas , C F . 1997 . Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes . Science , 275 : 218 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur , J A and Sinclair , D A . 2006 . Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 5 : 493 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvin , S , Ollinger , K and Dabrosin , C . 2006 . Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo . Cancer Lett , 231 : 113 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , C , Walsh , S E , Morrissey , C , Fitzpatrick , J M and Watson , R W . 2007 . Resveratrol sensitizes androgen independent prostate cancer cells to death-receptor mediated apoptosis through multiple mechanisms . Prostate , 67 : 1641 – 1653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz , M H , Nihal , M , Fu , V X , Jarrard , D F and Ahmad , N . 2006 . Resveratrol-caused apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells is mediated via modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase/Akt pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins . Mol Cancer Ther , 5 : 1335 – 1341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , X , Tian , X , Huang , X , Yan , F and Qiao , D . 2007 . Resveratrol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are associated with Ca2+ and mCICR-mediated MPT activation in HepG2 cells . Mol Cell Biochem , 302 : 99 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Y , Fu , Z D , Wang , F , Liu , H Y and Han , R . 2005 . Anti-angiogenic activity of resveratrol, a natural compound from medicinal plants . J Asian Nat Prod Res , 7 : 205 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , X , Xu , Y X , Divine , G , Janakiraman , N Chapman , R A . 2002 . Disparate in vitro and in vivo antileukemic effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes . J Nutr , 132 : 2076 – 2081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athar , M , Back , J H , Tang , X , Kim , K H Kopelovich , L . 2007 . Resveratrol: a review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 224 : 274 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , Y and Okuda , H . 2001 . Resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum root prevents tumor growth and metastasis to lung and tumor-induced neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice . J Nutr , 131 : 1844 – 1849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z G , Hong , T , Shimada , Y , Komoto , I Kawabe , A . 2002 . Suppression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by resveratrol . Carcinogenesis , 23 : 1531 – 1536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niles , R M , Cook , C P , Meadows , G G , Fu , Y M McLaughlin , J L . 2006 . Resveratrol is rapidly metabolized in athymic (nu/nu) mice and does not inhibit human melanoma xenograft tumor growth . J Nutr , 136 : 2542 – 2546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teskac , K and Kristl , J . 2010 . The evidence for solid lipid nanoparticles mediated cell uptake of resveratrol . Int J Pharm , 390 : 61 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E . 1999 . Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature . J Natl Cancer Inst , 91 : 317 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seren , S , Lieberman , R , Bayraktar , U D , Heath , E Sahin , K . 2008 . Lycopene in cancer prevention and treatment . Am J Ther , 15 : 66 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi , S , Bidoli , E , La Vecchia , C , Talamini , R D’Avanzo , B . 1994 . Tomatoes and risk of digestive-tract cancers . Int J Cancer , 59 : 181 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E , Rimm , E B , Liu , Y , Stampfer , M J and Willett , W C . 2002 . A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk . J Natl Cancer Inst , 94 : 391 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , A H and Zhang , L S . 2007 . [Effect of lycopene on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells] . Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban , 38 : 958 – 960 . 976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fornelli , F , Leone , A , Verdesca , I , Minervini , F and Zacheo , G . 2007 . The influence of lycopene on the proliferation of human breast cell line (MCF-7) . Toxicol In Vitro , 21 : 217 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narisawa , T , Fukaura , Y , Hasebe , M , Ito , M Aizawa , R . 1996 . Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats . Cancer Lett , 107 : 137 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn , P F , Schalch , W and Truscott , T G . 1991 . The singlet oxygen and carotenoid interaction . J Photochem Photobiol B , 11 : 41 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir , H , Karas , M , Giat , J , Danilenko , M Levy , R . 1999 . Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells . Nutr Cancer , 33 : 105 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karas , M , Amir , H , Fishman , D , Danilenko , M Segal , S . 2000 . Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells . Nutr Cancer , 36 : 101 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , S , Obermuller-Jevic , U C , Hellmis , E , Koch , W Jacobi , G . 2008 . Lycopene inhibits disease progression in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia . J Nutr , 138 : 49 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H S , Bowen , P , Chen , L , Duncan , C Ghosh , L . 2003 . Effects of tomato sauce consumption on apoptotic cell death in prostate benign hyperplasia and carcinoma . Nutr Cancer , 47 : 40 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucuk , O , Sarkar , F H , Sakr , W , Djuric , Z Pollak , M N . 2001 . Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 : 861 – 868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaishampayan , U , Hussain , M , Banerjee , M , Seren , S Sarkar , F H . 2007 . Lycopene and soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer . Nutr Cancer , 59 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miean , K H and Mohamed , S . 2001 . Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants . J Agric Food Chem , 49 : 3106 – 3112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoi , K , Saka , N , Kaji , K , Nozawa , R and Kinae , N . 2000 . Metabolic fate of luteolin and its functional activity at focal site . Biofactors , 12 : 181 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , S F , Yang , W E , Chang , H R , Chu , S C and Hsieh , Y S . 2008 . Luteolin induces apoptosis in oral squamous cancer cells . J Dent Res , 87 : 401 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda , H , Yamazaki , C and Yamazaki , M . 2003 . Inhibitory effect of Perilla leaf extract and luteolin on mouse skin tumor promotion . Biol Pharm Bull , 26 : 560 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Q , Zhao , X H and Wang , Z J . 2008 . Flavones and flavonols exert cytotoxic effects on a human oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell line (OE33) by causing G2/M arrest and inducing apoptosis . Food Chem Toxicol , 46 : 2042 – 2053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju , W , Wang , X , Shi , H , Chen , W Belinsky , S A . 2007 . A critical role of luteolin-induced reactive oxygen species in blockage of tumor necrosis factor-activated nuclear factor-kappaB pathway and sensitization of apoptosis in lung cancer cells . Mol Pharmacol , 71 : 1381 – 1388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limdo , Y , Jeong , Y , Tyner , A L and Park , J H . 2007 . Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , 292 : G66 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvendiran , K , Koga , H , Ueno , T , Yoshida , T Maeyama , M . 2006 . Luteolin promotes degradation in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in human hepatoma cells: an implication for the antitumor potential of flavonoids . Cancer Res , 66 : 4826 – 4834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang , C T , Way , T D and Lin , J K . 2007 . Sensitizing HER2-overexpressing cancer cells to luteolin-induced apoptosis through suppressing p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression with rapamycin . Mol Cancer Ther , 6 : 2127 – 2138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , Q , Yan , B , Hu , X , Li , X B Zhang , J . 2009 . Luteolin inhibits invasion of prostate cancer PC3 cells through E-cadherin . Mol Cancer Ther , 8 : 1684 – 1691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , N D , Mehta , R , Yu , W , Neeman , I Livney , T . 2002 . Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer . Breast Cancer Res Treat , 71 : 203 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y , Vareed , S K and Nair , M G . 2005 . Human tumor cell growth inhibition by nontoxic anthocyanidins, the pigments in fruits and vegetables . Life Sci , 76 : 1465 – 1472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik , A , Afaq , F , Sarfaraz , S , Adhami , V M Syed , D N . 2005 . Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 102 : 14813 – 14818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hora , J J , Maydew , E R , Lansky , E P and Dwivedi , C . 2003 . Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in CD1 mice . J Med Food , 6 : 157 – 161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sartippour , M R , Seeram , N P , Rao , J Y , Moro , A Harris , D M . 2008 . Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo . Int J Oncol , 32 : 475 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert , J R , Hurley , T G , Olendzki , B C , Teas , J Ma , Y . 1998 . Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 : 1637 – 1647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler , R G , Hoover , R N , Pike , M C , Hildesheim , A Nomura , A M . 1993 . Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women . J Natl Cancer Inst , 85 : 1819 – 1827 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , M T , Wilkens , L R , Hankin , J H , Lyu , L C Wu , A H . 1997 . Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer . Am J Epidemiol , 146 : 294 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurenka , J S . 2008 . Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L): a review . Altern Med Rev , 13 : 128 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heber , D . 2008 . Multitargeted therapy of cancer by ellagitannins . Cancer Lett , 269 : 262 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar