Serum β-Carotene in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

REFERENCES

• Baade , P D , Youlden , D R and Krnjacki , L J . 2009 . International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends . Mol Nutr Food Res , 53 : 171 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonn , G A , Aronson , W and Litwin , M S . 2005 . Impact of diet on prostate cancer: a review . Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis , 8 : 304 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , J M , Gann , P H and Giovannucci , E L . 2005 . Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression . J Clin Oncol , 23 : 8152 – 8160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , N E , Key , T J , Appleby , P N , Travis , R C Roddam , A W . 2008 . Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition . Br J Cancer , 98 : 1574 – 1581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E , Liu , Y , Platz , E A , Stampfer , M J and Willett , W C . 2007 . Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study . Int J Cancer , 121 : 1571 – 1578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , H , Hara , I , Kamidono , S and Eto , H . 2004 . Oxidative DNA damage in patients with prostate cancer and its response to treatment . J Urol , 171 : 1533 – 1536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostwick , D G , Alexander , E E , Singh , R , Shan , A Qian , J . 2000 . Antioxidant enzyme expression and reactive oxygen species damage in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer . Cancer , 89 : 123 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krinsky , N I and Johnson , E J . 2005 . Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease . Mol Aspects Med , 26 : 459 – 516 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang , H Y , Alberg , A J , Norkus , E P , Hoffman , S C Comstock , G W . 2003 . Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer . Am J Epidemiol , 157 : 335 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristal , A R . 2004 . Vitamin A, retinoids and carotenoids as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer . J Urol , 171 : S54 – S58 . discussion S58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomhoff , R . 1994 . Vitamin A in health and disease. , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , K , Erdman , J W Jr. , Schwartz , S J , Platz , E A Leitzmann , M . 2004 . Plasma and dietary carotenoids, and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 13 : 260 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosetti , C , Talamini , R , Montella , M , Negri , E Conti , E . 2004 . Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy . Int J Cancer , 112 : 689 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , Q Y , Hung , J C , Heber , D , Go , V L Reuter , V E . 2001 . Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 : 749 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian , L , Du , C J , Lee , A H and Binns , C W . 2005 . Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer? . Int J Cancer , 113 : 1010 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , S , Erdman , J W Jr. , Clinton , S K , Vadiveloo , M Strom , S S . 2005 . Relationship between plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer . Nutr Cancer , 53 : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman , A G , Goldbohm , R A , Brants , H A and van den Brandt , P A . 2002 . A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands) . Cancer Causes Control , 13 : 573 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J , Dhakal , I , Stone , A , Ning , B Greene , G . 2007 . Plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in Arkansas . Nutr Cancer , 59 : 46 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , T M , Mayne , S T , Graubard , B I , Swanson , C A Sowell , A L . 2002 . Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites . Am J Epidemiol , 155 : 1023 – 1032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , T J , Appleby , P N , Allen , N E , Travis , R C Roddam , A W . 2007 . Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study . Am J Clin Nutr , 86 : 672 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , U , Leitzmann , M F , Chatterjee , N , Wang , Y Albanes , D . 2007 . Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 16 : 962 – 968 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissanen , T H , Voutilainen , S , Nyyssönen , K , Lakka , T A Sivenius , J . 2001 . Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: the kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study . Br J Nutr , 85 : 749 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurnham , D I , Smith , E and Flora , P S . 1988 . Concurrent liquid-chromatographic assay of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma, with tocopherol acetate as internal standard . Clin Chem , 34 : 377 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen , J T , Nyyssönen , K , Korpela , H , Tuomilehto , J Seppänen , R . 1992 . High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in Eastern Finnish men . Circulation , 86 : 803 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teppo , L , Pukkala , E and Lehtonen , M . 1994 . Data quality and quality control of a population-based cancer registry: experience in Finland . Acta Oncol , 33 : 365 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Cancer Registry . 2007 . Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research: Cancer in Finland 2004 and 2005. Cancer Statistics of the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health , Helsinki : Cancer Society of Finland Publication no. 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Mursu , J , Nurmi , T , Tuomainen , T P , Salonen , J T Pukkala , E . 2008 . Intake of flavonoids and risk of cancer in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study . Int J Cancer , 123 : 660 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer , I A , Katan , M B and Zock , P L . 2004 . Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis . J Nutr , 134 : 919 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karppi , J , Nurmi , T , Olmedilla-Alonso , B , Granado-Lorencio , F and Nyyssönen , K . 2008 . Simultaneous measurement of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and six carotenoids in human plasma by using an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method . J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , 867 : 226 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtamo , J , Pietinen , P , Huttunen , J K , Korhonen , P Malila , N . 2003 . Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up . JAMA , 290 : 476 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennekens , C H , Buring , J E , Manson , J E , Stampfer , M Rosner , B . 1996 . Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease . N Engl J Med , 334 : 1145 – 1149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhouser , M L , Barnett , M J , Kristal , A R , Ambrosone , C B King , I B . 2009 . Dietary supplement use and prostate cancer risk in the carotene and retinol efficacy trial . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 18 : 2202 – 2206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group . 2002 . MRC/BHF heart protection study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Lancet , 360 : 23 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen , O P , Albanes , D , Virtamo , J , Taylor , P R Huttunen , J K . 1998 . Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 : 440 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolini , M , Abdel-Rahman , S Z , Sapone , A , Pedulli , G F Perocco , P . 2003 . Beta-carotene: a cancer chemopreventive agent or a co-carcinogen? . Mutat Res , 543 : 195 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goralczyk , R . 2009 . Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research . Nutr Cancer , 61 : 767 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanes , D , Virtamo , J , Taylor , P R , Rautalahti , M Pietinen , P . 1997 . Effects of supplemental beta-carotene, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study . Am J Clin Nutr , 66 : 366 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber , C S , Baraona , E , Leo , M A and Garro , A . 1987 . International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens: ICPEMC Working Paper no. 15/2. Metabolism and metabolic effects of ethanol, including interaction with drugs, carcinogens and nutrition . Mutat Res , 186 : 201 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo , M A , Kim , C , Lowe , N and Lieber , C S . 1992 . Interaction of ethanol with beta-carotene: delayed blood clearance and enhanced hepatotoxicity . Hepatology , 15 : 883 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , J A , Chen , Y H and Bent , S . 2009 . The relation of alpha-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Am J Clin Nutr , 89 : 1558S – 1564S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefani , E , Deneo-Pellegrini , H , Boffetta , P , Ronco , A and Mendilaharsu , M . 2000 . Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 9 : 335 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavarro , J E , Stampfer , M J , Li , H , Campos , H Kurth , T . 2007 . A prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 16 : 1364 – 1370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayol , M , Grosclaude , P and Delpierre , C . 2010 . Prospective studies of dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis . Cancer Causes Control , 21 : 347 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar