REFERENCES
- Kanapuru , B , Ershler , W B , Hesdorffer , C , Jemal , A and Yates , J W . 2012 . Long-term survival of older breast cancer patients: population-based estimates over three decades . Breast Cancer Res Treat , 134 : 853 – 857 .
- Dowsett , M , Cuzick , J , Ingle , J , Coates , A Forbes , J . 2010 . Meta-analysis of breast cancer outcomes in adjuvant trials of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen . J Clin Oncol , 28 : 509 – 518 .
- Body , J J . 2011 . Increased fracture rate in women with breast cancer: a review of the hidden risk . BMC Cancer , 11 : 384
- Santen , R J . 2011 . Clinical review: Effect of endocrine therapies on bone in breast cancer patients . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 96 : 308 – 319 .
- Quispe , D , Shi , R and Burton , G . 2011 . Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with metastatic breast cancer: ethnic and socio-economic aspects . Breast J , 17 : 510 – 513 .
- Crandall , C J , Newberry , S J , Diamant , A , Lim , Y W Gellad , W F . 2012 . Treatment To Prevent Fractures in Men and Women With Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis: Update of a 2007 Report Rockville , MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- Kruger , M C and Schollum , L M . 2005 . Is docosahexaenoic acid more effective than eicosapentaenoic acid for increasing calcium bioavailability? . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , 73 : 327 – 334 .
- Claassen , N , Coetzer , H , Steinmann , C M and Kruger , M C . 1995 . The effect of different n-6/n-3 essential fatty acid ratios on calcium balance and bone in rats . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , 53 ( 1 ) : 13 – 19 .
- Haag , M , Magada , O N , Claassen , N , Bohmer , L H and Kruger , M C . 2003 . Omega-3 fatty acids modulate ATPases involved in duodenal Ca absorption . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , 68 : 423 – 429 .
- Bhattacharya , A , Rahman , M , Sun , D and Fernandes , G . 2007 . Effect of fish oil on bone mineral density in aging C57BL/6 female mice . J Nutr Biochem , 18 : 372 – 379 .
- Rahman , MM. , Bhattacharya , A , Banu , J , Kang , JX. and Fernandes , G . 2009 . Endogenous n-3 fatty acids protect ovariectomy induced bone loss by attenuating osteoclastogenesis . J Cell Mol Med , 13 ( 8B ) : 1833 – 1844 .
- Rahman , M M , Bhattacharya , A and Fernandes , G . 2008 . Docosahexaenoic acid is more potent inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells than eicosapentaenoic acid . J Cell Physiol , 214 ( 1 ) : 201 – 209 .
- Sun , D , Krishnan , A , Zaman , K , Lawrence , R Bhattacharya , A . 2003 . Dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass in ovariectomized mice . J Bone Miner Res , 18 : 1206 – 1216 .
- Yuan , J , Akiyama , M , Nakahama , K , Sato , T Uematsu , H . 2010 . The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites on osteoclastogenesis in vitro . Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat , 92 ( 1–4 ) : 85 – 90 .
- Coetzee , M , Haag , M and Kruger , M C . 2009 . Effects of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells . Cell Biochem Funct , 27 ( 1 ) : 3 – 11 .
- Shen , C L , Peterson , J , Tatum , O L and Dunn , D M . 2008 . Effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on inflammation mediators during osteoblastogenesis . J Med Food , 11 ( 1 ) : 105 – 110 .
- Watkins , B A , Li , Y , Lippman , H E and Feng , S . 2003 . Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , 68 : 387 – 398 .
- Poulsen , R C , Wolber , F M , Moughan , P J and Kruger , M C . 2008 . Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids alter membrane-bound RANK-L expression and osteoprotegerin secretion by MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells . Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat , 85 ( 1–2 ) : 42 – 48 .
- Farina , E K , Kiel , D P , Roubenoff , R , Schaefer , E J Cupples , L A . 2011 . Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study . Am J Clin Nutr , 93 : 1142 – 1151 .
- Hogstrom , M , Nordstrom , P and Nordstrom , A . 2007 . n-3 Fatty acids are positively associated with peak bone mineral density and bone accrual in healthy men: the NO2 Study . Am J Clin Nutr , 85 : 803 – 807 .
- Rousseau , J H , Kleppinger , A and Kenny , A M . 2009 . Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function . J Am Geriatr Soc , 57 : 1781 – 1788 .
- Weiss , L A , Barrett-Connor , E and von Muhlen , D . 2005 . Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study . Am J Clin Nutr , 81 : 934 – 938 .
- Farina , E K , Kiel , D P , Roubenoff , R , Schaefer , E J Cupples , L A . 2011 . Dietary Intakes of arachidonic acid and {alpha}-linolenic acid are associated with reduced risk of hip fracture in older adults . J Nutr , 141 : 1146 – 1153 .
- Orchard , T S , Cauley , J A , Frank , G C , Neuhouser , M L Robinson , J G . 2010 . Fatty acid consumption and risk of fracture in the Women's Health Initiative . Am J Clin Nutr , 92 : 1452 – 1460 .
- Virtanen , J K , Mozaffarian , D , Cauley , J A , Mukamal , K J Robbins , J . 2010 . Fish consumption, bone mineral density, and risk of hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study . J Bone Miner Res , 25 : 1972 – 1979 .
- Orchard , T S , Ing , S W , Lu , B , Belury , M A Johnson , K . 2013 . The association of red blood cell n-3 and n-6 fatty acids with bone mineral density and hip fracture risk in the women's health initiative . J Bone Miner Res , 28 : 505 – 515 .
- Appleton , K M , Fraser , W D , Rogers , P J , Ness , A R and Tobias , J H . 2011 . Supplementation with a low-moderate dose of n-3 long-chain PUFA has no short-term effect on bone resorption in human adults . Br J Nutr , 105 : 1145 – 1149 .
- Griel , A E , Kris-Etherton , P M , Hilpert , K F , Zhao , G West , S G . 2007 . An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans . Nutr J , 6 ( 2 )
- Kruger , M C , Coetzer , H , de Winter , R , Gericke , G and van Papendorp , D H . 1998 . Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis . Aging (Milano) , 10 : 385 – 394 .
- Bassey , E J , Littlewood , J J , Rothwell , M C and Pye , D W . 2000 . Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone . Br J Nutr , 83 : 629 – 635 .
- Bhattacharya , A , Sun , D , Rahman , M and Fernandes , G . 2007 . Different ratios of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acids in commercial fish oils differentially alter pro-inflammatory cytokines in peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 female mice . J Nutr Biochem , 18 ( 1 ) : 23 – 30 .
- Kruger , M C , Coetzee , M , Haag , M and Weiler , H . 2010 . Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: selected mechanisms of action on bone . Prog Lipid Res , 49 : 438 – 449 .
- Gronowitz , E , Lorentzon , M , Ohlsson , C , Mellstrom , D and Strandvik , B . 2008 . Docosahexaenoic acid is associated with endosteal circumference in long bones in young males with cystic fibrosis . Br J Nutr , 99 : 160 – 167 .
- Gronowitz , E , Mellstrom , D and Strandvik , B . 2006 . Serum phospholipid fatty acid pattern is associated with bone mineral density in children, but not adults, with cystic fibrosis . Br J Nutr , 95 : 1159 – 1165 .
- Kolahi , S , Ghorbanihaghjo , A , Alizadeh , S , Rashtchizadeh , N Argani , H . 2010 . Fish oil supplementation decreases serum soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis . Clin Biochem , 43 : 576 – 580 .
- Li , Y , Seifert , M F , Lim , S Y , Salem , N Jr. and Watkins , B A . 2010 . Bone mineral content is positively correlated to n-3 fatty acids in the femur of growing rats . Br J Nutr , 104 : 674 – 685 .
- Watkins , B A , Li , Y , Allen , K G , Hoffmann , W E and Seifert , M F . 2000 . Dietary ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids alters the fatty acid composition of bone compartments and biomarkers of bone formation in rats . J Nutr , 130 : 2274 – 2284 .
- Alfano , C M , Imayama , I , Neuhouser , M L , Kiecolt-Glaser , J K Smith , A W . 2012 . Fatigue, inflammation, and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake among breast cancer survivors . J Clin Oncol , 30 : 1280 – 1287 .
- Gallicchio , L , MacDonald , R , Wood , B , Rushovich , E Fedarko , N S . 2012 . Changes in bone biomarker concentrations and musculoskeletal symptoms among breast cancer patients initiating aromatase inhibitor therapy and women without a history of cancer . J Bone Miner Res , 27 : 1959 – 1966 .
- Eastell , R , Hannon , R A , Cuzick , J , Dowsett , M Clack , G . 2006 . Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on bmd and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230) . J Bone Miner Res , 21 : 1215 – 1223 .
- Trichopoulou , A , Georgiou , E , Bassiakos , Y , Lipworth , L Lagiou , P . 1997 . Energy intake and monounsaturated fat in relation to bone mineral density among women and men in Greece . Prev Med , 26 : 395 – 400 .
- Hutchins , H L , Li , Y , Hannon , K and Watkins , B A . 2010 . Eicosapentaenoic acid decreases expression of anandamide synthesis enzyme and cannabinoid receptor 2 in osteoblast-like cells . J Nutr Biochem , 22 : 195 – 200 .
- Ofek , O , Karsak , M , Leclerc , N , Fogel , M Frenkel , B . 2006 . Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 103 : 696 – 701 .
- Calder , P C . 2006 . Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids , 75 : 197 – 202 .
- Corwin , R L , Hartman , T J , Maczuga , S A and Graubard , B I . 2006 . Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density in humans: analysis of NHANES III . J Nutr , 136 : 159 – 165 .
- Oh , SR. , Sul , O J , Kim , YY. , Kim , H J Yu , R . 2010 . Saturated fatty acids enhance osteoclast survival . J Lipid Res , 51 : 892 – 989 .
- Prestwood , K M , Pannullo , A M , Kenny , A M , Pilbeam , C C and Raisz , L G . 1996 . The effect of a short course of calcium and vitamin D on bone turnover in older women . Osteoporos Int , 6 : 314 – 319 .
- Stark , K D and Holub , B J . 2004 . Differential eicosapentaenoic acid elevations and altered cardiovascular disease risk factor responses after supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy . Am J Clin Nutr , 79 : 765 – 773 .
- Straub , R H . 2007 . The complex role of estrogens in inflammation . Endocr Rev , 28 : 521 – 574 .
- Henry , N L , Pchejetski , D , A’Hern , R , Nguyen , A T Charles , P . 2010 . Inflammatory cytokines and aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal syndrome: a case-control study . Br J Cancer , 103 : 291 – 296 .
- Serhan , C N and Petasis , N A . 2011 . Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution . Chem Rev , 111 : 5922 – 5943 .
- Herrera , B S , Ohira , T , Gao , L , Omori , K Yang , R . 2008 . An endogenous regulator of inflammation, resolvin E1, modulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption . Br J Pharmacol , 155 : 1214 – 1223 .