Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Urinary Levels of Prostaglandin E₂ Metabolite in Postmenopausal Women

REFERENCES

• Wang D and Dubois RN: Eicosanoids and cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer 10, 181–193, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini G, Longo R, Sarmiento R, and Morabito A: Inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase 2: a new class of anticancer agents? Lancet Oncol 4, 605–615, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey LJ, Williams MK, Sanchez SC, Byrne LM, Csiki I, et al.: Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 by a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay: Determination of cyclooxygenase-specific PGE2 synthesis in healthy humans and those with lung cancer. Analytical Biochemistry 334, 266–275, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Taylor JA, Milne G, and Sandler DP: Association between urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and breast cancer risk: A prospective, case-cohort study of postmenopausal women. Cancer Prevention Research 6, 511–518, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Q, Gao YT, Chow WH, Shu XO, Yang G, et al.: Prospective study of urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and colorectal cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 24, 5010–5016, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong LM, Shu XO, Gao YT, Milne G, Ji BT, et al.: Urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai women's health study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : A publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 18, 3075–3078, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D and Dubois RN: Urinary PGE-M: A promising cancer biomarker. Cancer Prevention Research 6, 507–510, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz KA and Potter JD: Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96, 1027–1039, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riboli E and Norat T: Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, 559S–569S, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, et al.: Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, 1489–1497, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Bermudez OI, and Tucker KL: Plasma C-reactive protein and homocysteine concentrations are related to frequent fruit and vegetable intake in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elders. The Journal of Nutrition 134, 913–918, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Rumley A, Bruckdorfer KR, and Whincup PH: Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 567–574; quiz, 726–727, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg CR, Shore DL, Umbach DM, and Sandler DP: Using risk-based sampling to enrich cohorts for endpoints, genes, and exposures. American Journal of Epidemiology 166, 447–455, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Sandler DP, Carswell G, De Roo LA, Parks CG, et al.: Telomere length in peripheral blood and breast cancer risk in a prospective case-cohort analysis: Results from the Sister Study. Cancer Causes and Control 22, 1061–1066, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy ET, Ohls J, Carlson S, and Fleming K: The Healthy Eating Index: design and applications. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 1103–1108, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolich JC, Wilson TW, Sweetman BJ, Smigel M, Nies AS, et al.: Urinary prostaglandins. Identification and origin. J Clin Invest 55, 763–770, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyberth HW, Sweetman BJ, Frolich JC, and Oates JA: Quantifications of the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins by mass spectrometry: Evaluation of the method's application to clinical studies. Prostaglandins 11, 381–397, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald DW, Bezak K, Ocheretina O, Riviere C, Wright TC, et al.: The effect of HIV and HPV coinfection on cervical COX-2 expression and systemic prostaglandin E2 levels. Cancer Prevention Research 5, 34–40, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Textor J, Hardt J, and Knuppel S: DAGitty: A graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams. Epidemiology 22, 745, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Gallego J, Garcia-Mediavilla MV, Sanchez-Campos S, and Tunon MJ: Fruit polyphenols, immunity and inflammation. The British Journal of Nutrition 104(Suppl 3), S15–S27, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermsdorff HH, Zulet MA, Puchau B, and Martinez JA: Fruit and vegetable consumption and proinflammatory gene expression from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in young adults: a translational study. Nutrition & metabolism 7, 42, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira A, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, and Lopes C: The association of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Sex and body mass index interactions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 1345–1352, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watzl B, Kulling SE, Moseneder J, Barth SW, and Bub A: A 4-wk intervention with high intake of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruit reduces plasma C-reactive protein in healthy, nonsmoking men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, 1052–1058, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall DO, McGartland CP, McKinley MC, Sharpe P, McCance DR, et al.: The effect of increased dietary fruit and vegetable consumption on endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidative stress in hypertensive volunteers. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 21, 658–664, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk PS, 2nd, Middaugh AL, Rhee YS, and Brunt AR: Few favorable associations between fruit and vegetable intake and biomarkers for chronic disease risk in American adults. Nutrition Research 31, 616–624, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, and Brown DW: The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes 52, 2346–2352, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanri A, Yoshida D, Yamaji T, Mizoue T, Takayanagi R, et al.: Dietary patterns and C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, 1488–1496, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Jenny NS, Jiang R, et al.: Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 1369–1379, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung TT, McCullough ML, Newby PK, Manson JE, Meigs JB, et al.: Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, 163–173, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Mokdad AH, and Liu S: Healthy Eating Index and C-reactive protein concentration: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 278–283, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boynton A, Neuhouser ML, Wener MH, Wood B, Sorensen B, et al.: Associations between healthy eating patterns and immune function or inflammation in overweight or obese postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, 1445–1455, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt EM, Steffen LM, Moran A, Basu S, Steinberger J, et al.: Fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, 414–421, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior RL: Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cellular oxidative damage. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, 570S–578S, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson BH, Block G, Rosenberger WF, Pee D and Kahle LL: Fruit and vegetables in the American diet: Data from the NHANES II survey. American Journal of Public Health 80, 1443–1449, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, and Benzie IF: Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: Implications for dietary planning and food preservation. The British Journal of Nutrition 87, 55–59, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter JD and Steinmetz K: Vegetables, fruit and phytoestrogens as preventive agents. IARC Scientific Publications 139, 61–90, 1996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franzini L, Ardigo D, Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Del Rio D, et al.: Food selection based on high total antioxidant capacity improves endothelial function in a low cardiovascular risk population. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 22, 50–57, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Franzini L, Bianchi MA, Ardigo D, et al.: Food selection based on total antioxidant capacity can modify antioxidant intake, systemic inflammation, and liver function without altering markers of oxidative stress. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, 1290–1297, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighenti F, Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Ardigo D, Del Rio D, et al.: Total antioxidant capacity of the diet is inversely and independently related to plasma concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in adult Italian subjects. The British Journal of Nutrition 93, 619–625, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, and Rifai N: C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342, 836–843, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary KA, de Pascual-Tereasa S, Needs PW, Bao YP, O'Brien NM, et al.: Effect of flavonoids and vitamin E on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. Mutation Research 551, 245–254, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector D, Deroo LA, and Sandler DP: Lifestyle behaviors in black and white women with a family history of breast cancer. Preventive Medicine 52, 394–397, 2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostom A, Dube C, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, et al.: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: A systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 146, 376–389, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar