REFERENCES
- National Research Council: Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001.
- Flora SJS, Bhadauria S, Kannan GM, and Singh N: Arsenic induced oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant supplementation during chelation: a review. J Environ Biol 28, 333–347, 2007.
- Huang CS, Ke QD, Costa M, and Shi X: Molecular mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biochem 255, 57–66, 2004.
- Kitchin KT and Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem 102, 532–539, 2008.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer: A Review of Human Carcinogens: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts (vol. 100C). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, Lyon, France, 2012.
- Naujokas MF, Anderson B, Ahsan H, Aposhian HV, and Graziano JH: The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure; update on a worldwide public health problem. Environ Health Perspect 121, 295–302, 2013.
- World Health Organization: Arsenic in Drinking-Water. Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2011.
- Chen CJ, Kuo TL, and Wu MM: Arsenic and cancers. Lancet 1, 414–415, 1988.
- Lewis DR, Southwick JW, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Rench J, and Calderon RL: Drinking water arsenic in Utah: A cohort mortality study. Environ Health Perspect 107, 359–365, 1999.
- Davey JC, Bodwell JE, Gosse JA, and Hamilton JW: Arsenic as an endocrine disruptor: Effects of arsenic on estrogen receptor-mediated gene expression in vivo and in cell culture. Toxicol Sci 98, 75–86, 2007.
- Zablotska LB, Chen Y, Graziano JH, Parvez F, and van Geen A: Protective effects of B vitamins and antioxidants on the risk of arsenic-related skin lesions in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect 116, 1056–1062, 2008.
- Deep G and Agarwal R: Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 29, 447–463, 2010.
- Davis-Searles PR, Nakanishi Y, Kim NC, Graf TN, and Oberlies NH: Milk thistle and prostate cancer: differential effects of pure flavonolignans from Silybum marianum on antiproliferative end points in human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 65, 4448–4457, 2005.
- Ting H, Deep G, and Agarwal R: Molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated cancer chemoprevention with major emphasis on prostate cancer. AAPS J 15, 707–716, 2013.
- Raina K, Agarwal C, Wadhwa R, Serkova NJ, and Agarwal R: Energy deprivation by silibinin in colorectal cancer cells: A double-edged sword targeting both apoptotic and autophagic machineries. Autophagy 9, 697–713, 2013.
- Mokhtari MJ, Motamed N, and Shokrgozar MA: Evaluation of silibinin on the viability, migration and adhesion of the human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cell line. Cell Biol Int 32, 888–892, 2008.
- Wu KJ, Zeng J, Zhu GD, Zhang LL, and Zhang D: Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer invasion, motility and migration by suppressing vimentin and MMP-2 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 30, 1162–1168, 2009.
- Flaig TW, Glodé M, Gustafson D, van Bokhoven A, and Tao Y’: A study of high-dose oral silybin-phytosome followed by prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Prostate 70, 848–855, 2010.
- Bhat TA, Nambiar D, Pal A, Agarwal R, and Singh RP: Fisetin inhibits various attributes of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo-implications for angioprevention. Carcinogenesis 33, 385–393, 2012.
- Deep G, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Kroll DJ, and Agarwal R: Silymarin and silibinin cause G1 and G2-M cell cycle arrest via distinct circuitries in human prostate cancer PC3 cells: A comparison of flavanone silibinin with flavanolignan mixture silymarin. Oncogene 25, 1053–1069, 2006.
- Prajapati V, Kale RK, and Singh RP: Arsenic and its combinations in cancer therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2, 793–806, 2011.
- Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal P, Glode LM, and Agarwal R: Silibinin sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to cisplatin-and carboplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptotic death. Int J Cancer 106, 699–705, 2003.
- Flaig TW, Barqawi A, Miller G, Kane M, and Zeng C: A phase II trial of dexamethasone, vitamin D, and carboplatin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 107, 266–274, 2006.
- Raina K and Agarwal R: Combinatorial strategies for cancer eradication by silibinin and cytotoxic agents: efficacy and mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 28, 1466–1475, 2007.
- Shi H, Shi X, and Liu KJ: Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 255, 67–78, 2004.
- Duan W, Jin X, Li Q, Tashiro S, and Onodera S: Silibinin induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death in HT1080 cells through a reactive oxygen species pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 113, 48–56, 2010.
- Jiang YY, Huang H, Wang HJ, Wu D, and Yang R: Interruption of mitochondrial complex IV activity and cytochrome c expression activated O2-mediated cell survival in silibinin-treated human melanoma A375-S2 cells via IGF-1R-PI3K-Akt and IGF-1R-PLC γ-PKC pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 668, 78–87, 2011.
- Prabu SM and Muthumani M: Silibinin ameliorates arsenic induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Mol Biol Rep 39, 11201–11216, 2012.
- Rajnarayana K, Sripalreddy M, Chaluvadi MR, and Krishna DR: Bioflavonoids classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic potential. Indian J Pharmacol 33, 2–16, 2001.
- Martindale JL and Holbrook NJ: Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival. J Cell Physiol 192, 1–15, 2002.
- Trachootham D, Alexandre J, and Huang P: Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: A radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 8, 579–591, 2009.
- Long JS and Ryan KM: New frontiers in promoting tumour cell death: Targeting apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy. Oncogene 31, 5045–5060, 2012.
- Marquez RT and Xu L: Bcl-2:Beclin 1 complex: multiple, mechanisms regulating autophagy/apoptosis toggle switch. Am J Cancer Res 2, 214–221, 2012.
- Ravikumar B, Sarkar S, Davies JE, Futter M, and Garcia-Arencibia M: Regulation of mammalian autophagy in physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 90, 1383–1435, 2010.
- Verbon EH, Post JA, and Boonstra J: The influence of reactive oxygen species on cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. Gene 511, 1–6, 2012.
- Park WH, Seol JG, Kim ES, Hyun JM, and Jung CW: Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition in MC/CAR myeloma cells via cell cycle arrest in association with induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and apoptosis. Cancer Res 60, 3065–3071, 2000.
- Golsteyn RM: Cdk1 and Cdk2 complexes (cyclin dependent kinases) in apoptosis: A role beyond the cell cycle. Cancer Lett 217, 129–138, 2005.
- Chambers AF: Influence of diet on metastasis and tumor dormancy. Clin Exp Metastasis 6, 61–66, 2009.
- Deep G, Gangar SC, Agarwal C, and Agarwal R: Role of E-cadherin in antimigratory and antiinvasive efficacy of silibinin in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila)4, 1222–1232, 2011.
- Dizaji MZ, Malehmir M, Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, and Ghaffari SH: Synergistic effects of arsenic trioxide and silibinin on apoptosis and invasion in human glioblastoma U87MG cell line. Neurochem Res 37, 370–380, 2012.