NNK-Induced DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice and Inhibitory Effects of (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

REFERENCES

• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, et al.: Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 61, 69–90, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henley SJ, Eheman CR, Richardson LC, Plescia M, Asman KJ, et al.: State-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and smoking. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60, 1243–1247, 2011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riely GJ, Marks J, and Pao W: KRAS mutations in non–small cell lung cancer. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 201–205, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson L, Mercer K, Greenbaum D, Bronson RT, Crowley D, et al.: Somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer in mice. Nature 410, 1111–1116, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belinsky SA: Gene-promoter hypermethylation as a biomarker in lung cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer 4, 707–717, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belinsky SA: Silencing of genes by promoter hypermethylation: key event in rodent and human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 26, 1481–1487, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin RK, Hsieh YS, Lin P, Hsu HS, Chen CY, et al.: The tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK induces DNA methyltransferase 1 accumulation and tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation in mice and lung cancer patients. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 120, 521, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake T, Endo K, Honjo S, Hirooka Y, and Ikeguchi M: Expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1, 3a and 3b proteins in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Yonago Acta Medica 53, 1–7, 2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etoh T, Kanai Y, Ushijima S, Nakagawa T, Nakanishi Y, et al.: Increased DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein expression correlates significantly with poorer tumor differentiation and frequent DNA hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands in gastric cancers. The American Journal of Pathology 164, 689–699, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girault I, Tozlu S, Lidereau R, and Bièche I: Expression analysis of DNA methyltransferases 1, 3A, and 3B in sporadic breast carcinomas. Clinical Cancer Research 9, 4415–4422, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra SK, Patra A, Zhao H, and Dahiya R: DNA methyltransferase and demethylase in human prostate cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis 33, 163–171, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu Y, Mu G, Wu Y, Dai X, Zhou F, et al.: Overexpression of DNA methyltransferases 1, 3a, and 3b significantly correlates with retinoblastoma tumorigenesis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 134, 826–834, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht SS: Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chemical Research in Toxicology 11, 559–603, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht SS: Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms and approaches to prevention. The Lancet Oncology 3, 461–469, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G, Wang ZY, Kim S, Liao J, Seril DN, et al.: Characterization of early pulmonary hyperproliferation and tumor progression and their inhibition by black tea in a 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis model with A/J mice. Cancer Research 57, 1889, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht SS, Morse MA, Amin S, Stoner GD, Jordan KG, et al.: Rapid single-dose model for lung tumor induction in A/J mice by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and the effect of diet. Carcinogenesis 10, 1901–1904, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belinsky SA, Devereux TR, Foley JF, Maronpot RR, and Anderson MW: Role of the alveolar type II cell in the development and progression of pulmonary tumors induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in the A/J mouse. Cancer Res 52: 3164–3173, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulling LC, Vuillemenot BR, Hutt JA, Devereux TR, and Belinsky SA: Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of the death-associated protein kinase gene is early and frequent in murine lung tumors induced by cigarette smoke and tobacco carcinogens. Cancer Research 64, 3844, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulling LC, Klinge DM, and Belinsky SA: p16INK4a and beta-catenin alterations in rat liver tumors induced by NNK. Carcinogenesis 22, 461–466, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Q, Hawes SE, Stern JE, Wiens L, Lu H, et al.: DNA methylation in tumor and matched normal tissues from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 17, 645–654, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesek M, Kopeckova M, Benesova L, Meszarosova A, Mukensnabl P, et al.: Clinical Significance of hypermethylation status in NSCLC: Evaluation of a 30-gene panel in patients with advanced disease. Anticancer research 31, 4647–4652, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin RK, Hsu HS, Chang JW, Chen CY, Chen JT, et al.: Alteration of DNA methyltransferases contributes to 5′ CpG methylation and poor prognosis in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 55, 205–213, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CS, Wang X, Lu G, and Picinich SC: Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nature Reviews Cancer 9, 429–439, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang MZ, Wang Y, Ai N, Hou Z, Sun Y, et al.: Tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines. Cancer Research 63, 7563, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WJ, Shim JY, and Zhu BT: Mechanisms for the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases by tea catechins and bioflavonoids. Molecular Pharmacology 68, 1018–1030, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandakumar V, Vaid M, and Katiyar SK: (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reactivates silenced tumor suppressor genes, Cip1/p21 and p16INK4a, by reducing DNA methylation and increasing histones acetylation in human skin cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 32, 537–544, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua D, Hu Y, Wu YY, Cheng ZH, Yu J, et al.: Quantitative methylation analysis of multiple genes using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme-based quantitative PCR for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Experimental and molecular pathology 91, 455–460, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes CC, La Salle S, Robaire B, and Trasler JM: Research paper evaluation of a quantitative DNA methylation analysis technique using methylation-sensitive/dependent restriction enzymes and real-time PCR. Epigenetics 1, 146–152, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Zhao H, Xu Z, Liu Q, Liang Y, et al.: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway stabilizes DNA methyltransferase I protein and maintains DNA methylation. Cellular Signalling 19, 2255–2263, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson LA and Hecht SS: O6-methylguanine is a critical determinant of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone tumorigenesis in A/J mouse lung. Cancer Res 51, 5557–5564, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuillemenot BR, Hutt JA, and Belinsky SA: Gene promoter hypermethylation in mouse lung tumors. Molecular Cancer Research 4, 267, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Baylin SB, and Issa J: Increased cytosine DNA-methyltransferase activity is target-cell-specific and an early event in lung cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93, 4045, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Jamaluddin MS, Yang X, and Wang H: Hyperhomocysteinemia, DNA methylation and vascular disease. Clinical Chemical Laboratory Medicine 45, 1660–1666, 2008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai Y: Alterations of DNA methylation and clinicopathological diversity of human cancers. Pathology International 58, 544–558, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger G, Liang G, Aparicio A, and Jones PA: Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature 429, 457–463, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsurutani J, Castillo SS, Brognard J, Granville CA, Zhang C, et al.: Tobacco components stimulate Akt-dependent proliferation and NFκB-dependent survival in lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 26, 1182–1195, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West KA, Brognard J, Clark AS, Linnoila IR, Yang X, et al.: Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 111, 81–90, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson AM, Soldi R, Anderlind C, Scholand MB, Qian J, et al.: Airway PI3K pathway activation is an early and reversible event in lung cancer development. Science Translational Medicine 2, 26ra25–26ra25, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agoston AT, Argani P, De Marzo AM, Hicks JL, and Nelson WG: Retinoblastoma pathway dysregulation causes DNA methyltransferase 1 overexpression in cancer via MAD2-mediated inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex. The American Journal of Pathology 170, 1585, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albino A, Huang X, Jorgensen E, Yang J, Gietl D, et al.: Report induction of H2AX phosphorylation in pulmonary cells by tobacco smoke. Cell Cycle 3, 1062–1068, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortusewicz O, Schermelleh L, Walter J, Cardoso MC, and Leonhardt H: Recruitment of DNA methyltransferase I to DNA repair sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 8905, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson-Grusby L, Beard C, Possemato R, Tudor M, Fambrough D, et al.: Loss of genomic methylation causes p53-dependent apoptosis and epigenetic deregulation. Nature Genetics 27, 31–39, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden A, Gaudet F, Waghmare A, and Jaenisch R: Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science 300, 455, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang M, Chen D, and Yang CS: Dietary polyphenols may affect DNA methylation. The Journal of Nutrition 137, 223S, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rountree MR, Bachman KE, and Baylin SB: DNMT1 binds HDAC2 and a new co-repressor, DMAP1, to form a complex at replication foci. Nat Genet 25, 269–277, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson KD, Ait-Si-Ali S, Yokochi T, Wade PA, Jones PL, et al.: DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1 and HDAC1 and represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters. Nat Genet 25, 338–342, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark SJ and Melki J: DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: which is the guilty party? Oncogene 21, 5380–5387, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender CM, Pao MM, and Jones PA: Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine suppresses the growth of human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 58, 95–101, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christman JK: 5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene 21, 5483–5495, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng JC, Matsen CB, Gonzales FA, Ye W, Greer S, et al.: Inhibition of DNA methylation and reactivation of silenced genes by zebularine. J Natl Cancer Inst 95, 399–409, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar