Associations of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Product Intakes with Colorectal Cancer Risk among Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study

References

• Siegel RL, Miller KD, and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 67, 7–30, 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum N, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Ju W, and Giovannucci EL: Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Int J Cancer 135, 1940–1948, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Snyder K, Slattery ML, Caan B, et al.: The association of calcium and vitamin D with risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr 135, 252–259, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB and Garland CF: A critical review of studies on vitamin D in relation to colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 48, 115–123, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Rutegard J, Giovannucci E, and Wolk A: Calcium and dairy food intakes are inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in the Cohort of Swedish Men. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 667–673, 2006. quiz 728–9,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norat T and Riboli E: Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, 1–17, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston RA, Truby H, Palermo CE, and Walker KZ: Colorectal cancer and nonfermented milk, solid cheese, and fermented milk consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54, 1167–1179, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newmark HL and Lipkin M: Calcium, vitamin D, and colon cancer. Cancer Res 52, 2067s–2070s, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, Long Q, Sidelnikov E, et al.: Effects of vitamin d and calcium on proliferation and differentiation in normal colon mucosa: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 18, 2933–2941, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, Long Q, Shaukat A, et al.: Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on markers of apoptosis in normal colon mucosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2, 213–223, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Barry EL, Baron JA, Rutherford RE, Seabrook ME, et al.: Effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D on the APC/beta-catenin pathway in the normal colorectal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients. Mol Carcinog 56, 412–424, 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahearn TU, Shaukat A, Flanders WD, Rutherford RE, and Bostick RM: A randomized clinical trial of the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D3 on the APC/beta-catenin pathway in the normal mucosa of colorectal adenoma patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 5, 1247–1256, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Long Q, Flanders WD, McCullough ML, et al.: Effects of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on oxidative DNA damage marker in normal colorectal mucosa: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 19, 280–291, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin LQ, He K, and Xu JY: Milk consumption and circulating insulin-like growth factor-I level: a systematic literature review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60, 330–340, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Chan JM, Gaziano JM, et al.: Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 93, 1330–1336, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipps AF, Kling PJ, Grille JG, and Dvorak B: Intestinal transport of insulin-like growth factor-I (igf-I) in the suckling rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 35, 539–544, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan X, Wang S, Xu J, Zhuang L, Xing K, et al.: Dietary protein-induced hepatic IGF-1 secretion mediated by PPARgamma activation. PLoS One 12, e0173174, 2017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsumata M, Kawakami S, Kaji Y, and Takada§ R: Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and associated binding proteins in plasma and mRNA expression in tissues of growing pigs on a low threonine diet. Anim Sci 79, 85–92, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubry A, Il'yasova D, Sedjo R, Wang F, Byers T, et al.: Increase in circulating levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio over a decade is associated with colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Cancer 131, 512–517, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, et al.: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 363, 1346–1353, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furstenberger G, Morant R, and Senn HJ: Insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer. Onkologie 26, 290–294, 2003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bostick RM, Potter JD, Sellers TA, McKenzie DR, Kushi LH, et al.: Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 137, 1302–1317, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom AR, Kaye SA, Potter JD, and Prineas RJ: Association of incident carcinoma of the endometrium with body weight and fat distribution in older women: early findings of the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res 49, 6828–6831, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger RG, Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Kaye SA, and Sellers TA: Dietary assessment of older Iowa women with a food frequency questionnaire: nutrient intake, reproducibility, and comparison with 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Am J Epidemiol 136, 192–200, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlader NNAKM, Miller D, et al.: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Willett WC, Howe GR, and Kushi LH: Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65, 1220S–1228S, 1997. discussion 1229S–1231S,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash C, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Mink PJ, McCullough ML, et al.: Using pathway-specific comprehensive exposure scores in epidemiology: application to oxidative balance in a pooled case-control study of incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas. Am J Epidemiol 178, 610–624, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Rodriguez LA, and Huerta-Alvarez C: Reduced incidence of colorectal adenoma among long-term users of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a pooled analysis of published studies and a new population-based study. Epidemiology 11, 376–381, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, Schernhammer ES, Curhan GC, et al.: Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 294, 914–923, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargovich MJ, Eng VW, Newmark HL, and Bruce WR: Calcium ameliorates the toxic effect of deoxycholic acid on colonic epithelium. Carcinogenesis 4, 1205–1207, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govers MJ, Termont DS, Lapre JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, et al.: Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humans. Cancer Res 56, 3270–3275, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkin M and Newmark H: Effect of added dietary calcium on colonic epithelial-cell proliferation in subjects at high risk for familial colonic cancer. N Engl J Med 313, 1381–1384, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamprecht SA and Lipkin M: Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 3, 601–614, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusso AS, Brown AJ, and Slatopolsky E: Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289, F8–28, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross HS, Nittke T, and Kallay E: Colonic vitamin D metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 347, 70–79, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huncharek M, Muscat J, and Kupelnick B: Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 61, 47–69, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum N, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Ju W, and Giovannucci EL: Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Int J Cancer 135, 1940–1948, 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, Zhang X, and Giovannucci EL: Calcium intake and colorectal adenoma risk: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Int J Cancer 136, 1680–1687, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstad B, Almendingen K, Vatn M, Andersen SN, Owen RW, et al.: Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants. Digestion 59, 148–156, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, et al.: Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 340, 101–107, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U, and Faivre J: Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group. Lancet 356, 1300–1306, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA, Rees JR, Sandler RS, et al.: A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 373, 1519–1530, 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaukat A, Scouras N, and Schunemann HJ: Role of supplemental calcium in the recurrence of colorectal adenomas: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 100, 390–394, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, et al.: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 354, 684–696, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML, et al.: Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95, 1765–1771, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander DD, Cushing CA, Lowe KA, Sceurman B, and Roberts MA: Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1402–1409, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D, Lau R, Chan DS, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, et al.: Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Oncol 23, 37–45, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacopetta B: Are there two sides to colorectal cancer?. Int J Cancer 101, 403–408, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pufulete M: Intake of dairy products and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Nutr Res Rev 21, 56–67, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen RE, Weissfeld JL, Kuller LH, Thaete FL, Evans RW, et al.: Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin are associated with the presence and advancement of adenomatous polyps. Gastroenterology 129, 464–475, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Xu GL, Li Y, He LJ, Chen LM, et al.: The role of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptor in the formation and development of colorectal carcinoma. J Int Med Res 41, 1228–1235, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D, et al.: Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Cancer 76, 1115–1118, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollison DE, Giuliano AR, Risendal BC, Sweeney C, Boulware D, et al.: Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding protein-3 in relation to breast cancer among Hispanic and white, non-Hispanic women in the US Southwest. Breast Cancer Res Treat 121, 661–669, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E: The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States). Cancer Causes Control 16, 83–95, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar